Reasons Why The Oslo Peace Process Of The 1990s Failed To Deliver The Essay

Reasons Why The Oslo Peace Process Of The 1990s Failed To Deliver The Promise Of A Lasting Peace Between Israel And The Palestinians - Essay Example However, the Oslo process collapsed unexpectedly resulting in extension of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to draw more attention from different countries and international organizations. The conflict has been in existence for quite a long period irrespective of the many attempts to resolve the issue. As time goes, the situation becomes worse due to the increasing violence and despair. Moreover, international organizations appear to be despairing and hopes that peace will be restored in Middle East are fading. By the end of 19th century, two opposing nationalistic movements were born in Middle East. One movement was born amongst the Jews while the other movement was borne amongst the Arabs. Each of the two groups intended to attain sovereignty for their people. With time, the two groups started conflicting which initiated the Israeli Palestinian conflict, which is at times viewed as a conflict between Arabs and Israelites. The Osl o accords were officially signed on September 13, 1993 between the government of Israel and the PLO. The singing was done in Washington, DC following months of negotiations. This paper focuses on the reasons why the Oslo Peace Process of the 1990s failed to deliver the promise of a just and lasting peace between Israel and the Palestinians. Overview of the Israel-Palestinian Conflict It has been more than 50 years since the State of Israel was established. Ever since then, Israel and Palestine have been in recurring conflicts. The conflict between Israel and Palestine started in the 19th Century. In 1967, Israel occupied Gaza and West Bank, which resulted in aggressiveness between the Jews and Palestinians. With time, the Jews continued to settle in the disputed land. The settlement was characterized by massive constructions on the disputed territory. The Palestinians reacted by forming a resistant movement referred to as Intifada (sdonline 2011). The movement was involved in aggres sive activities such as stone throwing and was mainly located in the Gaza strip as well as West Bank. This was followed by numerous skirmishes between the Israelites and Palestinians. Eventually, there was an outbreak of the intifada. Israel tried to curb the confrontations by using its army to punish Palestinian protesters resisting occupation of Palestinian land by the Jews settlers. As the confrontations intensified, PLO and other Palestinians in the Diaspora felt the need for restoration of peace between Israel and Palestine to end the conflicts (Rynhold 2008; Rabie 2007-2012; Rynhold 2009). In around 1990, U.S. was interested in the several conflicts within the Middle East including the Israel Palestinian conflict. US wanted a peace conference between the warring Arab countries, an Idea that was rejected by Yitzhak Shamir, the Israel Prime minister. The US government continued to pressure Israel and a conference was eventually held on 30 October 1991. The conference is popularl y known as the Madrid Conference. The US president George Bush Sr. together with Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet President, facilitated it. Nonetheless, Palestinian was force to form a joint delegation with Jordan for them to attend this conference. Later on, Rabin replaced Shamir as the Israel Prime minister. However, the conflict between Israel and Palestine was far from being settled (Rynhold 2009). The Oslo Accord signed in 1993 was the first face-to-face accord ever signed between the

Swot Crayola Essay Example for Free

Swot Crayola Essay Crayola Manufacturing is a 120 year old company that makes safe, dependable art supplies for children. Because most consumers have never heard of Binney Smith, the Crayola maker changed its name in 2007 to reflect its brand name. Crayola has many different lines of products; as well as services, which vary from just crayons and markers. They produce 3 billion crayons a year, plus craft and character licensed activities. Crayola began as Binney Smith back in 1885 when Joseph Binney partnered with his son and nephew. Binney and Smith sold their first Crayola crayons in 1903, when a box of eight cost only a nickel. The small business began in New York and moved to Easton, Pennsylvania (where they remain today), producing the dustless chalk. In 1958 the Crayola 64-crayon box, which included 16 new colors and a built-in sharpener, made its debut on the Captain Kangaroo Show. This Crayola box became part of the collective history and experiences of generations of Americans, and a symbol of the color and fun of childhood. Crayola estimates that the average U. S. child wears down 730 crayons by age ten. And, in the same spirit, the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History placed an actual 1958 Crayola 64-crayon box and an assortment of 20th century Crayola advertising in the permanent collection of the Division of Cultural History. The companys products are packaged in many languages and are sold worldwide. Safety in art materials was the main focus for Crayola resulting in non-toxic colors. Crayola also has a creative factory and offers services for creative minds to run free and party space availability with all of their branded products. In 1984 Hallmark purchased Crayola and has kept the company on top of their industry with products ranging on a wide scale from markers, pencils, chalk, watercolors to silly putty and even ornaments and die cast collectables. Strengths †¢ Crayola is a recognized and highly trusted brand name and logo. In fact, 98 out of every 100 Americans recognize it. Children age 2-10, their target market, love Crayola products and have selective demand for it. Children demand the products and then influence their parents to purchase them. The Crayola brand name is synonymous with high quality and high brand loyalty. They are a global company, with a wide spectrum of individuals who use Crayola products all over the world. †¢ Crayola has built up a highly successful distribution system. Their products are available everywhere, including grocery stores, drug stores, Internet sales, hospitals, doctors offices, schools, gas stations, airports, theme parks, hotels and restaurants. They sell retail and also in bulk to organizational buyers at a lower cost. Schools all over the US and in other countries like The UK, Canada, Australia, and Mexico all utilize Crayola art materials. Crayolas website is geared for children, parents, and educators. They provide free ideas for crafts and printable coloring pages. The website is used for booking, ordering, promotional information, marketing, and more. Crayola even provides advice on how to remove stains on their official website. †¢ Crayola is well-established due to their innovation (keeping the company out of saturation and decline). Crayola has been in service for many years and knows how to cater to the needs of the consumer. Crayola is constantly bui lding new products and the growth targets many individual needs. Crayola also developed art products that emphasized international diversity by launching Crayola My World multicultural crayons. The company hoped that by using crayons, markers, paints, and modeling compounds that reflected the variety of skin tones, children would build a positive sense of self as well as respect for cultural diversity. †¢ Crayolas price range is reflective of their core target market, middle and lower upper class Americans; and their products are priced competitively with their major competitor, Rose Art. The consumer feels that the price reflects the quality. Crayola uses all non-toxic, child-safe materials that are cost effective and efficient. They use a variety of colors with fun memorable names, which appeal to children and adults. Crayola is environmentally friendly as well. They have scented products for sensory skills. They have easy grip products for motor skills. †¢ They have licensing deals with major childrens characters, including all Disney characters, and Nickelodeon characters, which increases their appeal to children. †¢ The majority of their retail promotion consists of television commercials, magazine ads, and point of purchase  displays.  Their promotion impacts and targets children primarily and foremost, however, it is a pull strategy to create an influence purchase by the parents. In most large retail stores, Crayola has their own aisle! Weaknesses †¢ In addition to its Ink Tank line, Crayola serves the professional market with its Portfolio Series collection of color pencils, oil pastels, and acrylic paints. Because they are most well-known for childrens art products, they have yet to achieve high market share in this division, and most art professionals do not use Crayola products. Crayola launched an unsuccessful line of childrens clothing in the 1980s, and it was scaled back to include only newborn layette sets. In 2007 they launched a test market campaign for Crayola branded bottled water, which was also unsuccessful, as consumers were hesitant to buy it because they antic ipated that the water would actually taste like crayons. †¢ Also in the late 1980s sales began to decline due to increased competition and the company began to slip into saturation, they began a campaign to increase demand by urging parents to purchase a fresh box. †¢ Crayolas attempt to build a solar power plant was sidelined in 2008.  They intended the power plant be used to help run their manufacturing facility in Pennsylvania, however, they have run into problems finding partners to make it a reality. †¢ Crayola still ranks behind in sales and market share in their marker product line. In 2007, Sanford Sharpie had a 31% market share, with sales (at Wal-Mart) of $56 million, while Crayola had a 22% market share, with sales of $37 million (at Wal-Mart). Opportunities †¢ In 2009 they introduced two innovative lines of products for babies and toddlers; including products that allow babies to explore colors even before they can use a crayon.  The products for toddlers are large enough so that they can grasp them, an d even color in the bathtub, which allows for easy clean up, therefore appealing to the primary purchaser, parents. †¢ In July 2009 Crayola launched a school social media campaign on Twitter and Facebook. It is geared towards moms (their core purchaser) and features innovative ways to be creative and save money during back to school shopping. †¢ In the spring of 2009 they created a summer wellness campaign to encourage children to play outside more. Threats With the advent of computers and web based learning, sales of crayons are projected to decrease as children leave behind hand held art supplies at a younger and younger age. Its called KGOY-kids growing older younger, and many companies have suffered because of it, most recognizable is Mattel, the maker of Barbie dolls. In the 1990s the average age of a child in their target market was 10 years old, and in 2000 it dropped to 3 years old. As children reach the age of four and five, old enough to play on the computer, they become less interested in toys and crayons and begin to desire electronics such as cell phones and video games.   Crayola is slowly falling victim to the same phenomena, how will they innovate to overcome this? †¢ In the downturned economy, parents and schools are spending less on school supplies. A survey from Deloitte found that 64% of consumers said they would spend less on school purchases. Nationwide, parents plan to spend an average of $548 to send their children back to school; and estimates range from a decline of 7. 7%, forecast by the National Retail Federation, to as much as 12% in 2009, according to Americas Research Group.

Demand For E Ticketing Systems Computer Science Essay

Demand For E Ticketing Systems Computer Science Essay It has already seen that there has been a rapid growth in the demand for E-Ticketing systems in a widespread range of applications like cinemas and theatres. The usage of an Electronic ticketing system has become a huge convenience in the Airline industry as well. Most airlines currently prefer that the bulk of their reservations and booking be done online. As it is a no-paper system, there are huge savings to be made when using the electronic system. This section of the research paper is where the research methods to develop this mobile ticketing are discussed. Upon completion of the literature review, the existing systems have been thoroughly studied. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing systems have been pointed out. The target now is to produce a new idea that has the advantages of the existing systems but does not have its disadvantages. The system has to be new and improved. To accomplish this, the literature review is not enough. Further research needs to be done t o assess if it is even possible to create this system, whether the people will approve of it and find it useful, how feasible is production of this system, what measures need to be taken to make this system and other factors. How this further research will be carried out will be explained here. The planning and schedule of the research method is also stated. Introducing: Mobile Ticketing System for Airlines. A mobile ticketing system is yet to be utilized by most airlines. It is intended to produce such a system where people can finally use their cell phones or mobiles throughout their flights. The use of mobile ticketing has been seen in cinemas and other areas but NOT for airlines. This has not been introduced for flights anywhere in the world, but it has an excellent future. There are many reasons why this is so. There has been an increase in the usage of mobile payment schemes. This has streamlined the process of payment for various products and services. The various schemes include Direct Operator billing, Premium SMS transactions or even linking the application to external payment methods like credit cards or PayPal. This is one of the key features that make this new system very usable. Over all the usage of mobile phones now a days are a must. Almost everyone has a mobile phone with them. So there will be many mobile phone users who will find this system very useful. Mobile Ticke ting will still include benefits to service providers like travel agencies to access new opportunities through smartphones, by bringing value added services, such as traveller guides and tips. It will reduce the amount of paper work and also use of paper itself. Passengers will not have to worry about losing their tickets any more. The system will be the first system that will implement the scanning of mobile QR codes or a quick response code for flights. As the name suggests this code will be apt for the system because it is read very fast and it can store a large amount of data, which is perfect for storing the ticket information. A simple scan of the code and the passenger will be ready for the flight. This new system is Mobile Ticketing System for Airlines. Aims and Scope: The first step in producing any system is to figure out exactly what the system needs to be able to execute, that is to say, its functions. The Mobile Ticketing System is required to fulfil all the business processes of an airline booking system. It will inherit the basic flow of processes of current E-Ticketing systems. Below are the basic functions of this system. Creating Reservations The passenger must login to the airline booking system on the application. The destination, departure and/or return date will be input. Once a flight is booked, the passenger will be prompted for payment. Once the payment clears, the system will generate a unique QR code for the passenger. Checking in Upon arrival at the check-in counter, the passenger allows the scanner to scan the QR code in the phone. The system then validates the ticket and the passenger is checked in. Boarding Once the passenger arrives at the respective boarding gate, another scan is done and the passenger is let on board. Boundaries Boundaries of a system is the boundary that separates the external entities of the system from its internal entities. Knowing the system boundaries assists in reaching the project development goals. The mobile application to be developed is web based and will interact with the current booking system of the airline. As a result, a booking system itself will not be required to be made. The users themselves will interact only with the mobile application. Deliverables: When managing a project, the deliverables of the system need to be well defined. Deliverables are the objects that need to be produced in order for this system to function properly and execute what it is designed to. External Deliverables: The external deliverables of this research project will include an overall report of the system and an appendix including screen layouts, charts and questionnaires. Internal Deliverables: The internal deliverables include a Gantt chart showing the development timeframe and a description of the Methodology of developing the system. Objectives: Please refer to the Appendices for the Gantt chart that displays the overall tasks and timeframe for the development of the system. Key Features: The system must be able to provide the user with up-to-date flight information along with the various prices for a ticket. Must allow the purchasing of a ticket. The system must be able to generate a QR code containing the information regarding the ticket purchased and also information required for validation. The system must include mobile payment methods including Direct Operator billing and Premium SMS transactions. To do this, the system must be registered with the various telecom operators of the country of use. In the case where a passenger does not wish to use mobile payment, the application must allow the user to pat using other methods like credit card or PayPal. In the checking in and boarding process, the system must be able to validate the passenger using scanners. The user must be able to access flight information at any time. Flight cancellation. Advantages of the system: Ease of use The application itself is very simple to use. The purchasing of tickets is fast and less time consuming. Reduces the requirement of waiting in lines, thus saving the user valuable time. Tickets can be purchased from any location, whether it be at home or at the airport itself. All that is required is an internet connection. Avoids the requirement of carrying cash or credit cards during ticket purchase. Significantly reduces the number of free-riders. This is a term given to those travellers who arrive late for a flight and do not have the time to purchase a ticket using the regular method. Mobile Ticketing can increase the consumer experience with the use of Value-added services. For example, in the case of a traveller visiting an unfamiliar location, the application can use the ticket information to generate useful advice and guidelines to the traveller. Ecosystem advantages Savings in cost due to no printing required. There is also a reduction in marketing costs. The system reduces the impact on the environment caused by printed tickets, especially those using magnetic stripes, which are not recyclable. Less paper is used, which saves trees. Solutions to limitations: The descriptions of the limitations of the current systems used are detailed in the literature review. From the limitations mentioned there, the main ones concerning the mobile ticketing system were: Payment methods may not work with foreign subscription phones Tickets can be forged easily Phone can get lost or turn off due to lack of battery charge. Last minute flight cancellations will pose a problem when trying to book a different flight. The solutions to the above problems are elaborated below: In the case in which certain Premium SMS transactions are blocked by some operators, registering the foreign operator providing the Premium SMS with the local operators may solve the problem. In the case where it is not possible at all, other payment methods like credit cards or PayPal must be used. Another problem for E-ticketing systems is ticket forgery. With the use of Mobile-ticketing, various encryption methods can be used to prevent forgery. Also, the smartphones used by the passengers can be registered into the system, so that alerts can be made if a phone is stolen. Prior notice will be given to go to the airport with the phone battery fully charged. In the case of a flight cancellation, the system will look for an alternative flight. If there is a difference in pricing, a refund process will be initiated or extra charges will be added to the passengers account.

Essay --

Garrett Pyatt Mark Whitters HIST 179 12/12/2013 Position Paper: In Regards to Caesar's Body The topic of my position paper is: What should be done with Gaius Julius Caesar's body? This issue is of great importance and has an assortment of ideas and options of what should be done with Caesar associated with it. For example, my character Marcus Antonius, believed that the body of Caesar should be honored and a temple should be built to his glory. Marcus, along with most of the Caesarians, believed that the service for Julius should be held in public so that all of those who held him dear could witness it. However, there are others who oppose the idea of honoring Caesar in death as they had loathed him in life. The majority of people who disliked Caesar wanted one of two things: His ceremony be held in private where only his family and colleagues can attend along with no temple to honor him, or alternatively, they would have the body cast out into the waters of the Tiber river. Both those who had love for Caesar, and those who had hatred all have reasons to react in the way t hat they did. On one side of the argument you have those who supported Caesar and most all that he did for Rome as its ruler. These people acknowledge Caesar's military victories such as those in Gaul and Britannia where he ousted the barbaric enemies of Rome. They believe that he was a brilliant leader during both times of war, and times of peace. Caesar is also admired by them for his clemency toward his enemies after the conflict with Pompey and the mercy that he generously bestowed upon them. Additionally these people most certainly include the loyal Soldiers of Caesar that followed him without question. All of these Romans believed that Caesar made Rome t... ...ble at this point in time and its senators should think about this when deciding what form of actions that they should take. In the end, I simply think that a proper burial for Caesar after his assassination would be the proper course of action for the senators of Rome to take. This would prevent any potential unrest that could occur from dishonoring Caesar and would also show that Rome will not be brought down in times such as these. Also, the people who dislike Caesar and are against his proper ceremony are already angered by the actions that he has taken in the past. Therefore they wont gain any new hatred for Caesar is already dead. As Caesar once said, â€Å"No one is so brave that he is not disturbed by something unexpected.† For in times such as these when unanticipated events occur, the best option is to move on and grow from the tragedy in a positive way.

In the three stories from other cultures (Country Lovers, Veronica and A Stench of Kerosene) Essay

In the three stories from other cultures (Country Lovers, Veronica and A Stench of Kerosene) discuss how the relationships in each one are affected by cultural forces In ‘Country Lovers’, the Apartheid in South Africa stopped ‘blacks’ and ‘whites’ intermingling. The Apartheid meant that police could decide to invade people’s homes if there was a suspicion of ‘blacks’ and ‘whites’ having a sexual relationship together. South Africa was a worse place due to the Apartheid and even now the division still has an affect on people’s lives. The main Act that governed the Apartheid was the Immorality act. This ultimately banned mixed marriages and later went on to be amended to ban sexual relationships. If mixed marriages were heard of the couple would be arrested and sent to prison, although even the sentencing was biased as ‘blacks’ got harsher sentences than ‘whites’. At the start of the story Paulus displayed true love towards Thebedi by bringing home a painted wooden box he had made for her in wood-work classes. He had been sent away to do these classes at a boarding school. The boarding schools were another reason why ‘blacks’ were not as educated as ‘whites’ because it was just simply not given to them in the same way it was given to the ‘whites’. Thebedi also returned the love by giving Paulus a sort-after bracelet which she had made. This bracelet made his ‘white’ friends jealous, so this shows that just because Thebedi is ‘black’ doesn’t mean she cannot bring happiness to anyone. This shows the affect it had on both races to the extent where if they had known the bracelet was made by a ‘black’ person, they wouldn’t have been jealous. When Paulus goes off to Veterinary College, it gave Njabulo a chance to show his love for Thebedi. He had had a crush on her for a long time but never revealed his feelings until Paulus went away. The relationship between Thebedi and Njabulo would not have been so frowned upon at all as they were both the same colour. The most controversial issue within the story is when Thebedi and Njabulo supposedly have a baby, but when the baby is born it is mixed-race. Njabulo accepts the baby by going out and buying things for it, ‘he bought from the Indian store a cellophane-widowed pack†. This is probably because he loved Thebedi too much to get rid of her because of a mixed-race child. This shows the different views within the cultures. But when Paulus finds out that the baby is most probably his, he demands that Thebedi gets rid of it, ‘You must give it to someone’. This shows that he is scared of the authorities, because if they find out he would be facing prison or worse. So when the baby is found dead, and the forensic evidence relates to poison, Paulus is the main suspect. But when Paulus gets to court it says that when Thebedi was giving evidence she was still wearing the ear-rings Paulus had given her when they had first met, ‘she wore gilt-hoop ear-rings’. This proved that she still had feelings for Paulus. In Veronica, it is not a case of racial differences; it is the fact that society dictates the way you live by your gender. Fatalism plays a big part in this story. Okeke shows that he accepted what he had been given more so than Veronica. This is shown by the fact that Okeke moves away top the city to try and make a life of his own. Whereas Veronica was not persuaded by Okeke’s efforts to try and get her to come with him. Instead she stayed in the village to try and scrape a life off of very little money. Okeke proved to be moralistic, ‘all the women I meet are only interested in money and cars’. Veronica herself had to mature a lot quicker than any other adolescent as her father was a bitter drunk and her mother was weak and poorly. When Okeke went away to his life in the city, I think both of them were feeling as if their lives were going to be dramatically changed but were too afraid to admit it. Okeke returned to the village as a prosperous doctor with many paths he could choose to take his life down. He came back to discover that Veronica was still living the same life but with a child and husband. Her brothers and sisters that she worked so hard to keep alive had left her and dispersed into different parts of the country and forgotten about her. The war breaks out and Okeke returns again to find Veronica lying there close to death. She says she wants to dies because she has lost everything, ‘I don’t want to live, you hear?’. So Veronica slips away and Okeke shows how much he felt for her by burying her down by the river, where they spent so much time together in their youth. A Stench of Kerosene is set in Jammu and Kashmir, Northern India. It is based in mid 20th Century. The cultural force that plays its part in this story is the Hindu Marriage Act (1955). This governs all Hindu marriages. This Act also applies to Buddhists and Sikhs. It said that the bride should be 18 and the groom 21. Neither should already have a spouse and both should be capable of giving consent. It was also believed that both spouses should be fit for both marriage and consummation. This rule however did not apply to the counties of Kashmir and Jammu. Manak truly loved his wife called Guleri. There was a carnival in a town called Chamba. Guleri looked forward to it every year and was set on going the same as usual. But there was just one problem, Manak knew that if Guleri left for any length of time, his mother would set up a marriage with someone else he might not even like. He was so seperate for her to stay he even begged her, ‘I ask again, don’t go away this time’. The reason his mother wanted Manak to get a different was because Guleri had never conceived a child and therefore could not continue with the family name. His mother paid 500 rupees just to get Manak another wife. This worked because after a short time of being with the second wife conceived a child. When Guleri heard the news of Manak’s second wife she soaked her clothes in kerosene and set them alight. The fact you don’t ever find out what the second wife’s name is, tells us that she was irrelevant to Manak and that he considered her to just be there as his wife. The main reason he just put up with her is because he respected his mother and thought that it would be wrong to speak up about how he actually felt. Also this shows that Manak’s mother cannot be blamed entirely because she was just acting how her culture dictates. Overall in these didactic stories, it shows the effects that different cultural forces had on people’s relationships and that people had to go to extreme lengths to avoid the terror of being caught doing something they know is wrong but cannot help.

Asian Cultural Heritage

ASIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE The popular and widely known Asian â€Å"Migration Theory† of professor H. Otley Beyer about the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines is now considered untenable by modern scholars. They questione the manner by which the theory was formulated because of the absence of historical or archeological proofs to support it. The Asian texture of Filipino culture from the prehistoric Spanish times, therefore, could be traced to evolutionary factors, the continous migrations of people and the early contacts with other Asian civilizations. INDIAN INFLUENCESIndian influences were traceable in the languages, religious belief, literature, customs and traditions of early Filipinos. The Supreme God of the ancient Tagalog was Bathala, which came from the Sanskrit word B’hattara (great Lord) Among the pre-Islamic natives of Sulu, Indra Battara was the most prominent deity, Indra, being the sky god. The other gods the natives believed were of Indian or Vedic in origin such as Agni (fire god) and Surya (sun god). The epics of the early Filipinos such as the Biag ni Lam-Ang of the ilocanos, Mahabharata, the Indian epic.Some Filipino superstitious beliefs that originated from India were: 1. A comet is a bad sign; it brings war, famine and other calamities. 2. A pregnant woman must not eat twin bananas for she will give birth to twins. The putong (headgear) of the early Filipino male was Indian origin. So was the sarong (Indian sari), the lower part of the clothing of pre-Spanish women. Indian influences on Filipino culture are clearly manifested by the presence of Sanskrit words in Tagalog language. Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera mentions 340 Sanskrit words. Examples are: SanskritTagalog . Atawaasawa (spouse) 2. Amaama (father) 3. Raharaha (king) 4. Harihari (king) 5. Kottakuta (fort) 6. Gandaganda (beauty) 7. Bhattarabathala (god) 8. Mutyamutya (pearl) 9. Inaina (mother) MALAYAN INFLUENCES The Maragtas For lack of historical or archeological data , the Maragtas or the great tale about the Ten Bornean Datus who came to Panay may be part-history and part-fiction. According to this great story, at around 1250 AD, ten datus and their families left Borneo to escape the repressive rule of Sultan Makatunaw and to establish new homes across the seas.Led by Datu Puti, the Malays landed in Panay Island where they negotiated with Marikudo, the Negrito king for the barter of the lowlands. The agreed price was one golden salakot for the Ati king and one gold necklace for Maniwangtiwang, Marikudo’s wife. The barter of Panay was sealed by an agreement of friendship between the Atis and the Malays. The Negritos, after performing their merry songs and dances, retreated to the mountains. There are some interesting coincidences, however, between the legend of Maragtas and Panay customs and traditions.To this day, the ati-atihan, a colorful song and dance festival is celebrated in Aklan. This is to re-enact the warm welcome accorded to t he Malays by the Atis, which resulted to the purchase of Panay. W. H. Scott, the American missionary, in his doctoral dissertation (1968) comments: â€Å"There is no reason to doubt that this legend (Maragtas) preserves the memory of an actual event, but it is not possible to date the event itself, or to decide which of the details ar historical facts, and which are the embellishments of generations of oral transmission. CHINESE INFLUENCES The Chinese, who came to the Philippines, whether as traders or settlers, were primarily interested in trade, so their influences on Filipino life were mainly economic and social. The early Filipinos learned from the Chinese the art of metallurgy, the manufacture of gunpowder, mining methods and the use of porcelain, gongs, umbrellas, lead and kites. From the Chinese originated the dishes lumpia, mami, okoy, pansit, bihon, chop suey and siopao. Sauces like toyo, and tawsi also came from the Chinese.Some Chinese customs were eventually adopted by the Filipinos. The arrangement of marriage of children by parents, the use of go-between in negotiating marriage, the use of white clothes or dress during the period of mourning and the filial respect for elders accorded by the children were examples of practices borrowed from the Chinese. About a thousand words are found in the Filipino language. Among them are the following: ChineseFilipino 1 Inkongingkong 2 Hebihibi 3 A-chiate 4 Bi-koebiko 5 Dikiamdikiam Pin-topinto 7 Sosisusi 8 Mikimiki 9 Bakkiahbakya 10 Pansitpansit JAPANESE RELATIONS The Filipinos had been trading with the Japanese long before the coming of the Spaniards. Japanese bahan (merchants) and wakos (pirates) sailed the South China Sea seeking for Sung and Yuan wares buried in Philippines graves, iron and woolens for Filipino gold and wax. The Japanese immigrants who came to the Philippines during the pre-Spanish times settled at the mouth of the Cagayan River, the Lingayen Gulf area, and Manila.The first recorded enc ounter between the Japanese and the Spaniards was in 1572 when Juan de Salcedo, while sailing from Manila to Ilocos, fought off three Japanese junks off the coast of Pangasinan. The Japanese pirates sailed away, after fierce fighting. In 1582, an expedition led by Captain Juan Pablo Carreon assaulted a Japanese colony founded by the pirate Tayfusa at the mouth of Cagayan River. The Japanese were forced to leave the place. The early Japanese merchants also traded with Agoo, a town in the Lingayen Gulf area.They brought with them utensils, assorted weapons, salted meats and other Japanese were better treated and nodiscrimatory decrees were made against them. The Spaniards respected and feared them. ARABIC INFLUENCES Arabia’s most enduring legacy to the peoples of Sulu and Mindanao is Islam. The Arabs also introduced the sultanate form of government, Arabic art and literature; the Arabic alphabet; the Koranic Law; the mosque; the art of warfare- lantaka(cannon), vinta(warboat) a nd the kuta(fort).The Luwaran, a code of laws and compilation of the customs and traditions of the early Muslims, was written in Arabic. The Maranao’s Darangan (epic poetry), Maguindanao’s Indarapatra and Sulayman and Sulu’s Parang Sabil were deeply inspired by Islam. Arabic influence is also clearly seen in the decorative and ornamental art of the maranaos, who are the best –known wood carvers and painters of the region. Arabic words are also found in the Filipino language. Examples are: surat(letter), apu(old man), akma (appropriate), arak (wine), alamat (legend), maalem (knowing), pirate (scar) and salam (thanks).

Territorial Identity essays

Territorial Identity essays Territorial identity is a feeling that have in common a group of people (territorial community), which is a clear definition of their territory. In fact, people don not relate themselves to a territory, but to its institutions, economic system, goals, and its destiny. The Territorial identity has two forces that are contradictory. The first one is the power to unify, while the second is the power to divide. It is the Nationalism or territorial identity that unified the German territory, which was initially divided into several politically and economically independent regions like Prussia and Bavaria. Fortunately, the leader of Prussia, Bismarck tried to indoctrinate the Germans with a national feeling. Although Bismarck could have had purely personal reasons (extending his rule and power), he is regarded in Germany as a hero and a successful leader. This strategy is still used by modern nation-states trough ideological state apparatus like flags, money, stamps, schools textbooks, and national anthems. In Morocco, in 1975, the king Hassan II organized the green walk, la marche verte. This walk was widely supported by the Moroccans because of this feeling that is territorial identity. In Morocco, Nationalism was used to unify Moroccans under the rule of the king Hassan the second. If Nationalism were used only to unify, I would have supported it unconditionally. As Dochacek stated : a territorial nation state is still considered a more efficient instrument than any alternative for coping with mens collective problems: it protects them against external dangers (or so they believe); maintains the internal order, and, taking up the collective challenges of modern economy and technology... social progress. In some cases, the territorial identity uses its other force, which the capability to divide. To better illustrate this case, I would state the example of Basque nationalists that aggreg ...

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Women of the Gilded Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women of the Gilded Age - Essay Example They had achieved the right to own property and had been employed outside the home for several decades, mostly in textile mills and garment shops. The first woman Mayor had been elected in 1887 (Moya 3). Higher education had opened its doors to women with the recent edition of women's colleges. By 1900 one-third of college and university students were women (Women in History). Most were trained in nursing or other female dominated fields, but the prized occupations of doctor and lawyer were still almost exclusively male. Traditionally, in the American culture girls learned the homemaking skills of cooking and cleaning that would be expected of her as she became an adult (Women in History). The right to vote was still 20 years away. During this period women experienced social growth but had yet to show much real progress. They had learned to organize through labor activities and social reform movements. The concept of women as a unique social group was taking hold, as women's suffrage had become an issue. However, the concepts of masculine and feminine were deeply divided. A late 19th century play titled Marriage portrayed the woman's place as, "A wise marriage is one...in which a man binds himself to a pretty little woman...in short assist him to hold that social position so essential to progress in business affairs" (qtd.

The groups that were affected by the BP Oil spill disaster in the Gulf Essay

The groups that were affected by the BP Oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico - Essay Example To better understand the situation, a brief background of the how the catastrophe occurred is important. Deepwater Horizon was a 9 year old semi-submersible oil rig functioning in the waters of the Mississippi canyons, under lease of British Petroleum. At the time of the explosion, there were drilling going on for an exploratory well at depths of about 5000 feet. The well was almost funcationaly complete, whereas major cementing work was being carried out by one of the concerned parties/ contractor of BP, Halliburton (BBC, 2010). After completion of the well, it could be used as a subsea producer later. However, catastrophe struck on 20th April, 2010, methane gas shot up from the well 5000 feet under the ground and it shot up all the way up to the rig. The safety instruments did not react properly to this phenomena and the rig caught fire as methane exploded on the rig. All but eleven workers were saved through rescue efforts and lifeboats. This catastrophe didn’t end here; an oil leak was found where the oil rig stood 3 days ago. This sleek oil cover started endangering life. According to official estimates of August 2 and about 62000 barrels of oil per day has escaped the well into the water, endangering the environment and submarine life (Channel 4 News, 2010). Identification of key stakeholders: The oil spill happened at such a big magnitude that it affected a multitude of organizations, people far and wide, in multiple countries; it affected human as well as animal habitat. Therefore, the impact was far and wide, all the species directly as well as indirectly cannot be accounted for. The sub-groups can be classified as follows. With the oil spill came the disastrous damage that the Gulf of Mexico’s natural habitat had to face as the slick oil destroyed marine life. It suffocated the animal and plants and as the oil rose to the top, it created massive havoc in terms of dead fishery and plants and unimaginable loss to the scenic beauty of natur e in that area. Naturally, this oil spill has been a disaster; however, indirectly it has cost millions of people their livelihood. Fishermen in the area have been worst hit by this calamity where their basic income is now dead or the area in which they fished is now contaminated. Marine life has been completely destroyed in some places. Therefore, apart from the natural habitat which was ruined, it was the fisherman who was the stakeholders which were affected in this scenario. Environmental agencies claim that there will be constant efforts needed for decades to come to bring the habitat close to its original well being. The complete restoration is not even possible (Szabo, 2010). As the oil slick reached the shores engulfing the Gulf of Mexico, tourism was hit. Tourists ran away from the spots which were considered as summer favourites before the disaster. Even today, when there is no presence of oil or its impact on the beaches of Denver, there are almost no tourists when compar ed to earlier years. Tourists now have widespread fear that the oil has ruined the shoreline and it may affect them in some way. The oil spill has also cost the company; they have to pay millions

Poverty alienation through increased private sector or state controlin Essay

Poverty alienation through increased private sector or state controlin Nigeria...what is the way forward - Essay Example Despite providing 95 per cent of foreign exchange earnings and about 60 per cent of government revenues, the oil sector’s contribution to GDP is less than 25 per cent. The agriculture sector is largely subsidized and has made a 26.8 per cent contribution to GDP in 2005. Industry and services contributed by 48.8 and 24.4 per cent respectively. Although, Nigeria had once been a large net exporter of food, it is now importing some of its food products. Nigeria’s economic progression has been disturbed by corruption, political instability and poor macroeconomic management for years. Following the restoration of democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria is now undergoing substantial economic reform (Anthony Maduagwu, 09/09/00). During the period 2003 to 2007, Nigeria put into effect National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) which aimed towards raising the standard of living of the people by establishing macroeconomic stability through deregulation of the economic environment privatization of government ventures, economic liberalization and accountability. This initiative also addressed the basic deficiencies such as unreliable power supplies, poor infrastructure and lack of fresh water for household and irrigation. It was also aimed towards creating 7 million employments, boosting non-energy exports, increasing industrial capacity utilization, improving agricultural productivity and diversifying the economy. Similar initiative called State Economic Empowerment Development Strategy was also implemented at the state level. The UN sponsored the National Development Goals program for Nigeria, as a long-term economic development program, covering the period 2000-2015. Under this program Nigeria is committed to achieve number of set targets in the areas of poverty reduction, gender equality, health, education, environment and international development cooperation. Despite these efforts and with the presence of enormous

Personal Development and Careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Personal Development and Careers - Essay Example Acquiring knowledge is indeed an important part of the learning process because this satisfies the need to assume more in line with the changing needs of the time. The behavioral changes therefore mean that the learning element has been incorporated in a due way. If the learning quarters are not being documented for in a proper way, there would be serious apprehensions within the related ranks, and it is quite possible that the behaviors within the business dynamics are affected in a negative way. The learning theory suggests how the learning process comes about, and how this has been manifested for time and again through different activities and tasks. Learning is therefore a process that will manifest success in its own form towards the individuals who hold it in an important way. The organizations of today are banking on the success aspects that are related with the learning which is being attained. What is even more significant here is the fact that learning is something that sha ll bring about the best resources under the aegis of knowledge acquisition in the best and most apt way possible. The changing business times have therefore signified how essential it is to make use of the learning regimes, and what their incorporation within the employees’ domains would mean towards their professional ends. The experience that these employees gain through experience is also an element that needs to be appreciated under different circumstances and situations within an organization. It is correctly said that organizations which are not ready to incorporate learning within their respective zones are actually undertaking huge risks, which are of magnanimous proportions. Thus what is really required here is a vision to bring in learning so that it could inculcate a sense of belongingness within the employees, and be appreciated for what they are doing within the organizations and more so in the future as well (Court, 2001). The learning theory gets implemented wi thin an organization when there is a dire need to set things in a manner which shall bring in success at the end of the day, not only for the employees but also for the sake of the organizations in the long run. However this learning must be initiated by the organizations so that the employees can get better acquainted to the changing needs and dimensions of the time. As far as my learning mechanisms are concerned, I have wholly and solely set my eyes on finding out about the learning aspects and differential elements that remains within its midst. This has made me realize where I am going wrong and what I need to do in order to get myself back on my feet whenever I am down. This indeed is a proactive exercise that I have set for my own self because this shall bring in a great amount of learning on my part and make me feel head and shoulders above the other employees in the organization. I believe that the learning aspects must come about in an automated way because this means so mu ch for employees like me who want to move up the ladder of success through hard work, commitment and complete devotion towards work tasks, activities and processes in the organization. Therefore my approach towards learning is such that it allows me to move ahead with the new entities that are shaping up within the organization and which shall bolster my growth and development over a consistent

Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants Essay

Ernest Hemingway Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example As soon as the girl is pregnant, the American presses for an abortion saying that it will be a simple operation because he doesn’t want to settle down like the ‘white hills’ and still wants to enjoy life like the ‘elephant’. The emotional substance behind their togetherness is negated by the American’s attitude and Jig ultimately realizes this. While the American has choices, Jig is left with none. She has to either lose the baby or the man. She has to choose between her love and her responsibility. While she chooses to listen to the American because she loves him, she ultimately realizes that the element of love itself is lost, for, he doesn’t love her. Else, he wouldn’t have worn that facade of love only for pleasure and just to run away like a coward as soon as the trouble comes. The way they react to the problem in hand is also different. Jig is asking different questions and is genuinely interested in solving the problem. On the other hand, the American’s goal is to get rid of the problem instead of facing or solving it.

Human Resources literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Resources literature Review - Essay Example and laws, policies and programs that define their responsibilities and code of conduct both within and outside the office as people who represent the values of the department govern these employees. The department has a series of laws and policies that guide the actions of the employees and partners of the department and the code of conduct that they are supposed to observe (Perry, 2006; Plotnick, 2005). The purpose of this research is to conduct an overview of the laws or policy and program at the DFC, investigate how they are implement in the work place ( policy or laws) and find out any challenges to the implementations. It also intends to investigate any change to the work place, how is it affect the employee and the goal desire of the outcome of the policy This research will be conducted through reviewing different research documents and online sources that have been written on the human resource policies and laws and DFC and find the successes and gaps in the implementation of human resource policies focusing on employee rights and responsibilities at the DFC. The findings from this research will be used in the next section. The research findings from this study will be used to come up with conclusions and make recommendations to the DFC on how to improve their human resources laws and policies to create a healthy working environment and an efficient

Personal Development and Careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Personal Development and Careers - Essay Example Acquiring knowledge is indeed an important part of the learning process because this satisfies the need to assume more in line with the changing needs of the time. The behavioral changes therefore mean that the learning element has been incorporated in a due way. If the learning quarters are not being documented for in a proper way, there would be serious apprehensions within the related ranks, and it is quite possible that the behaviors within the business dynamics are affected in a negative way. The learning theory suggests how the learning process comes about, and how this has been manifested for time and again through different activities and tasks. Learning is therefore a process that will manifest success in its own form towards the individuals who hold it in an important way. The organizations of today are banking on the success aspects that are related with the learning which is being attained. What is even more significant here is the fact that learning is something that sha ll bring about the best resources under the aegis of knowledge acquisition in the best and most apt way possible. The changing business times have therefore signified how essential it is to make use of the learning regimes, and what their incorporation within the employees’ domains would mean towards their professional ends. The experience that these employees gain through experience is also an element that needs to be appreciated under different circumstances and situations within an organization. It is correctly said that organizations which are not ready to incorporate learning within their respective zones are actually undertaking huge risks, which are of magnanimous proportions. Thus what is really required here is a vision to bring in learning so that it could inculcate a sense of belongingness within the employees, and be appreciated for what they are doing within the organizations and more so in the future as well (Court, 2001). The learning theory gets implemented wi thin an organization when there is a dire need to set things in a manner which shall bring in success at the end of the day, not only for the employees but also for the sake of the organizations in the long run. However this learning must be initiated by the organizations so that the employees can get better acquainted to the changing needs and dimensions of the time. As far as my learning mechanisms are concerned, I have wholly and solely set my eyes on finding out about the learning aspects and differential elements that remains within its midst. This has made me realize where I am going wrong and what I need to do in order to get myself back on my feet whenever I am down. This indeed is a proactive exercise that I have set for my own self because this shall bring in a great amount of learning on my part and make me feel head and shoulders above the other employees in the organization. I believe that the learning aspects must come about in an automated way because this means so mu ch for employees like me who want to move up the ladder of success through hard work, commitment and complete devotion towards work tasks, activities and processes in the organization. Therefore my approach towards learning is such that it allows me to move ahead with the new entities that are shaping up within the organization and which shall bolster my growth and development over a consistent

Human Resources literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Resources literature Review - Essay Example and laws, policies and programs that define their responsibilities and code of conduct both within and outside the office as people who represent the values of the department govern these employees. The department has a series of laws and policies that guide the actions of the employees and partners of the department and the code of conduct that they are supposed to observe (Perry, 2006; Plotnick, 2005). The purpose of this research is to conduct an overview of the laws or policy and program at the DFC, investigate how they are implement in the work place ( policy or laws) and find out any challenges to the implementations. It also intends to investigate any change to the work place, how is it affect the employee and the goal desire of the outcome of the policy This research will be conducted through reviewing different research documents and online sources that have been written on the human resource policies and laws and DFC and find the successes and gaps in the implementation of human resource policies focusing on employee rights and responsibilities at the DFC. The findings from this research will be used in the next section. The research findings from this study will be used to come up with conclusions and make recommendations to the DFC on how to improve their human resources laws and policies to create a healthy working environment and an efficient

Mahatma Gandhi Essay Example for Free

Mahatma Gandhi Essay The book is a well structured chronological assessment of Mohandas Gandhis life from his childhood as an aspiring lawyer up to his untimely death that symbolizes nonviolent movements and peaceful deeds. The book summarizes Mahatmas life as follows. Gandhi founded several movements and groups in which he came up with a nonviolent resistance in one major movement, which he initiated to fight against a requirement to finger-print and register all Indian immigrants. The movement attracted a huge number of followers and Gandhis message started spreading rapidly. During his first nonviolent movement, Gandhi was imprisoned for two months by the then South African general Christian Smuts. As an act of love, he made sandals for the general during his imprisonment. His movements received a remarkable attention all over the world particularly Europe. Gandhi returned back to India after 21 years of life in South Africa. He continued with his work in India where he made a concern to abolish the traditional Hindu cast system which regarded low class individuals as social outcasts. He also made attempts to restore peace among the Muslim and Hindu Indians. He led his famous Salt March as a declaration of defiance against Englands declaration of monopolizing salt production. In the book, Deats quotes Louis Fischer, another famous biographer of Gandhi regarding this move. Fischer writes, â€Å"When the Indians allowed themselves to be beaten with batons and rifle butts and did not cringe they showed that England was powerless and India invincible. The rest was merely a matter of time. † (65). Gandhi was succeeding in his war for independence using his purely nonviolent ways. His methods for opposition more than once included fasting. The method worked severally to provoke negotiations with the opposing parties. On the 30th day of January 1948, Gandhi was assassinated by an extremist Hindu militant shortly after fasting in protest against the violent Muslim-Hindu conflict. The Hindus were infuriated by Gandhis actions and many of them considered him a traitor for sympathizing with their rivals, the Muslims. The legacy left by Gandhi, his message of compassion and his methods of nonviolent movements to fight for peace and reedom have a large impact on several related movements since his demise. Deats informative and concise biography of Gandhi has several concrete points. He touches on many of the important events on the life of Gandhi from his early years, which were imperative in converting him into the legend that he finally became. Deats also does an excellent work in emphasizing the important principles that Gandhi founded, and the philosophies that he deducted and preached from Gandhis life. Deats summarizes the teachings of Gandhi concerning life excellently. However, his book lacks a detailed explanation of how, from an organizational point of view, Gandhi manages to gather such a great multitude of followers. The last few pages of his book are just a collection of various inspirational quotes from Gandhis great works. Throughout the text, Deats is effective at the use of quotes to portray Gandhis unlimited love for human race especially those who are in need for help and those who are suffering. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi-Louis Fischer The first biography of Mahatma Gandhi by Louis Fischers was published in the early 1950s but still reads brilliantly. The book is organized in short, simple to read chapters. It starts from the first day of Gandhis life and then the author describes how the aspiring lawyer in Mahatma first became a civil rights activist for his fellow immigrants in South Africa. Next, the author takes us back to India, and discusses the beginning of the civil resistance movements led by Gandhi in which he uses peaceful means to mobilize hundreds of thousands of Indians against oppression by the British Government. Gandhi has powers I have never read of before. He links divisions between political, national, and religious affiliations and many, including politicians sought out advice from him. It is hard to include the many interesting aspects that the author covers in the book in this review. I have however covered most of them in my previous review above. The events in Gandhis life are so extra ordinary, but also real and this makes his great works greatly readable. Fischer analyses the history of Indian immigrants and the occupation and oppression of the British, the conflicting prominent religions in India, that is, the Muslims and Hindus, nd how internal disputes among the Indians delayed their quest for independence of their country as a whole. However, in their midst was a man who strongly believed in his peoples welfare and had unending faith in them. He had faith in his fellow countrymen to realize the mistakes and the horror of internal violence and oppression by foreigners. This is a biography of a truly great man whose beliefs are as relevant today as in the past. Louis Fischer bases his writing on Gandhis own autobiography and on interrogations with people who knew him. Fischer goes beyond the boundaries of a biographer in reading the aspirations and the mindset of Gandhi. He is so into Gandhis philosophy that his writing is clearly authentic. The text may not be always easy to read, but usually rewards the reader. Fischer provides a comprehensive background scenario of Mahatma and his immediate environment. Richard Deats provides a timely account of Gandhis life message. The text is concise and compelling. He analyses Gandhis believe in God, and his understanding and life of a nonviolent lifestyle. The book displays a higher way of thinking and a better way of living.

Impact Of The Holocaust On Christian Jew Relations Religion Essay

Impact Of The Holocaust On Christian Jew Relations Religion Essay This essay will focus on several aspects. The first will consider the climate that lead to the war in the early years. It will go on to briefly discuss what occurred during the Holocaust, and majority of it will focus on how the Jews and Christians were affected between 1945 till the present day. In order for us to understand the relationship between Christian and Jews both during and post the holocaust, it is important to understand their relationship prior to the war. It is only then we can establish whether a change took place before or after. The holocaust affected Jews all across Europe, particularly in Germany, controlled by the Nazi government, and Poland, which was conquered by Germany in 1939. Poland was quite significant because it became one of the territories where the murder of Jews from all over Europe was carried out. The Nazi regime was founded by Hitler. He believed that the Jews were an inferior race and were the main cause of the all the problems that has been occurring in Germany and Europe, particularly in the financial state of affairs. His ultimate plan was to remove the Jews from Europe by exterminating them. He did this by finding out who the Jews were and where they lived, and then transporting them like cattle into ghettoes and concentration camps such as Auschwitz. This is what is officially known as the Holocaust. The foundations of prejudice against Jews can be traced as far back to the Crusades. During the Crusades Jews were massacred when Christian armies had captured Jerusalem, and here the first link between Christian and Jews is evident. As early as 1290, Jews had been forced to leave England but then during the reign of Cromwell there were a few that had moved into London. As a result of this in 1655 Jews had started to establish their own communities (Religion in History, pp226, K. H Holtschneider). Looking deeper into the history of Jews and Christians, there were clear problems as stated in Bubers journal Der Jude which included articles by Jews on Christianity and Christians on Judaism. It was attempted to bring both faiths together but instead it lead to Christians refusing to recognize Judaism as a faith that could live along side Christianity (Mendes Flohr, 1987, pg226 in Religion in History). Moving on from that time, it was in England during the 1650s that there was another at tempt to reconcile with Jews and this was needed because their conversion to Christianity was believed to be necessary prelude to Christs second coming. More significantly, this was a view that was beginning to be shared amongst other European countries from 1570 onwards and they started to consider whether or not they wanted to admit Jews. This persecution was still evident prior the Second World War in 1920 when Jewish immigrants in the USA became victims of the Klu Klux Klan, a racist organization that wanted to keep American society white and Christian protestant. (Susan Willoughby pg 6). In Europe, although originally Christian and Jewish relations struggled prior to the Second World War as they attempted to discover the truth in Christianity. However, this particular aspect of the troubled relationship between the two groups was not at the forefront of issues facing the relationship due to the humanitarian crisis that was being faced. (Religion in History, pg 226, Holtschneide r). During the war, the situation became very difficult for people living in Germany. With most of German society being against the Jewish people they also began to face the situation of having to avoid marrying Jews or to separate from their Jewish partners despite having been in long term marriages. Sources tell us that majority of Christians who were married to Jews stuck by their spouses even before they knew that they could save them through loyal acts (Holtschneider, Religion in History in pg 238, Barkai, 1998, pg 253). It is important to note that Jews were not the only victims of Hitlers Nazi Regime, with other victims including minority groups such as gypsies, homosexuals and those with mental or physical impairments. Regardless, this whole campaign of persecution and genocide was very significant in terms of its focus, scale and intensity. This is central to the relationship between Jews and Christians as it raises issues about the attitudes of the Christian because they were there to witness the Anti Semitic Jewish measures in the 1930s and the deportations that were carried out in front of them. However, it is also argued that anyone in Germany who assisted Jews faced danger and this stopped any attempts to help. (Study Guide 5, pg 13) This attitude even went as a far as the, separation of the Protestant churches into Christians of German descent and Christians of Jewish decent. Even though some Protestants did attempt to talk through religious issues with Jews this was started more often by J ews than by Christians. At the end of the war and after the holocaust the options open to Jews as to where they should begin to rebuild their lives depended largely on their national identity before the war. Most Italians and French went back to Italy and France as they recognized their identity as linked with their country of origin. However, many Jews from Eastern Europe and Germany opted for emigration because they felt that their relationship with their homeland had been damaged (Herbert, Religion in History Pg.241). Many Jews went to the United States as refugees, but majority of Jewish displaced persons decided they would return to Israel and United States however the USA still had very strict rules about immigration as well as the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom was in fear of provoking the Arab people in Israel into fighting back. It was during this time that the newly independent State of Israel was formed and there were lots of preparations to nationally commemorate the holocaust. Furthermore d uring the war many countries had closed their borders to immigration. However, in spite of all these obstacles Jews were very keen to leave Europe as soon as possible. It has been stated by Don Peretz, (Study Guide, pg 86) that on 29th November 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution requiring the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine. This recognition by the United Nations of the right of the Jewish people to establish their independence state is unassailable. Yad Vashem is a museum which tells the story of the Holocaust that emphasizes practicing Zionism. This underlines the absolute need for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Despite this strong feeling the Jewish Christian relationship has not completely fallen apart and finds a place in with Righteous Gentiles whom of many are Christian. This is extremely important when examining the post war relations, because amongst all the fighting and violence between Jews and Christians during the war here is a ground to rebuild the relationship between them. Creating the state of Israel in 1948 also had other effects on the Christian churches of the time. As Paul Van Buren states, the shock of the horror at the Germans misdeeds against the Jewish people and the even greater theological shock of the existence of a Jewish state led to the first striking change in attitudes between Christians and Jews(Study Guide pg 67). In order to trace these developments it is important to look at the reaction of the Protestant churches in Germany. Their church leaders were the first to admit that and condemn the Nazi horror that had taken place in Europe. It was in October 1945 that their churches released an official Stuttgart declaration of guilt, which stated how sorry they were that they did not stand up to the Nazi regime more forcefully. It took a long time for the church to accept this and this was largely due to the fact that the sufferings of the Jews were blamed on secular forces within Europe. This misplaced the blame, looked upon the Nazi re gime as a, sinister impact of global anti-Semitism were all seen as a result of modern secular man. (Study Guide, pg 67, John S Conway). On the other hand the Catholic Church was deeply implicated in the anti-Semitic violence against the Jews. The representative Jews did nothing to stop the political propaganda, and furthermore they even went as a far as supporting the politicians and the campaign (Mendelsohn, 1983, Religion in History, 228, K. Hannah Holtschneider,). To look into this further Ronald Modras carried out a survey of Catholic attitudes towards Jews and their religion in the 1920s and 1930s prior to the War. What he found was that there was an increase in anti-Semitic attitudes in the Catholic community. This was because in Germany the Jews were seen as representatives of secularism and therefore definitely anti catholic, and this was the start of when racial ideas began to infiltrate catholic communities, particularly in regards to allowing Jewish converts to Catholicism. Other Catholics also considered emigration, and this happened through boycotting Jewish business which would reduce Jewish income alon gside supporting Zionism. (Religion in History, pg 229, K. Hannah Holtschneider). The Jewish communities had been destroyed by the Holocaust. The last Vatican II since 1960 have bought Jews together. As mentioned in Religion in History, pg 243, K. Hannah Holtschneider) These conversations are mainly Christians initiatives-a reversal of the prewar Christian-Jewish dialogues in Germany. The outcome of the Holocaust has moved to the western world especially in the U.K and U.S. Europe had millions of homeless refugees after the war. Many Holocaust survivors were German DPs (displaced persons) who were not German or Jewish, some survivors returned to Poland, the majority decided to emigrate to the U.S or Israel. (Religion in History, pg 243, K. Hannah Holtschneider). Furthermore the Vatican authorities were not ready to admit the failures of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust. On the territory of Auschwitz concentration camp, where numerous polish Catholics were executed, sparked a controversy in 1984. Auschwitz had become a symbol of terror, genocide and the Holocaust. The direct reason for the establishment of the camp was the fact that mass arrests of Poles were increasing beyond the capacity of existing local prisons. Initially, Auschwitz was to be one more concentration camp of the type that the Nazis had been setting up since the early 1930sWhether sites of Jewish and non-Jewish suffering in particular in Poland-such as different parts of the Auschwitz concentration camp- can be shared by Christians and Jews in commemoration, remains controversial (Religion in History Pg 244, K. Hannah Holtschneider). This shows that Auschwitz has become a site for remembrance and therefore reconciliation point for Christian and Jews after the Holocaust. There was also heated discussion over the Nostra Aetate because the church reaffirmed the deep spiritual bond between Christian and Jews within Gods loving plan for the redemption of the world Study guide pg71. This document clearly condemns any type anti-Semitism against Jews, particularly Christian anti-Judaism, for example the band deicide which had contributed to popular propaganda against the Jews. Therefore in light of other research it is stressed that Christian are indebt to Jews and now it is even more important to understand the relationship of the two faith as a positive and reciprocal one, touching upon the same spiritual realities and most often serving to illuminate each other study guide pg 72. The Eichmann trial provoked international interest, bringing Nazi violence to the forefront of world news. Testimonies of Holocaust survivors, especially those of ghetto fighters, generated interest in Jewish resistance. The trial prompted a new openness in Israel, many Holocaust survivors felt able to share their experiences as the country challenged this trauma. Following this Arbeitsgemeinschaft of the biennial German Protestant Church Rally received widespread support and demonstrated a growing in interest in Christian-Jewish relations (Study Guide pg 68). This had then led to Rhineland Synod which was a statement that was recognized by other Protestant communities. In this they talked about the Holocaust as a key factor that helped start a new relationship between the church and the Jewish people. As stated in the study guide pg 68 Four factors, the authors claimed, had bought the church to this realization: the recognition of Christian co-responsibility and guilt for the Holoca ust ; the new Biblical insights learned during the Church struggle about the continuing significance of the Jewish people within the history of God; the acknowledgement that the continuing existence of the Jewish people, its return to the land of Promise, and the foundation of the state of Israel are signs of the faithfulness of God toward his people ; and the willingness of Jews, in spite of the Holocaust , to engage in encounter, common study and cooperation As mentioned in Chapter 8 religion in History that after the holocaust there were many post war developments in the Christian Jewish relationship, and thus many conversations took place that have shaped the attitudes that religious Jews and Christians have taken towards the Holocaust and the relations prior to Hitlers rule. This has come about through Christian remorse for a longstanding anti Semitism that has been allowed to prevail. This is significant because Christian anti Semitism was seen as the ground work of racist anti Semitism, which gained strength post 1870. The conversations that took place between Jews and Christians largely adopted a stance that looked at their relationship from an anti Semitic perspective, leading to all the research and theory into the histories of Christian and Jewish relations ending in the Holocaust. There have been other perspectives of looking at Jewish and Christian relations before and after the Holocaust. Needless to say these have had an im pact on how to conceptualize the relationship after the war. After the war in 1947 on the 29th of November, the United Nations adopted a resolution which stated that there was a need to establish a Jewish state. (Study Guide, pg 87). This was because many Jewish people who had survived the war felt as though it was in their right to have a Jewish homeland. In fact, Zionists made a flag for the State of Israel which they were pressurizing the Allies to set up in Palestine. (Jane Shuter, pg. 31). Since then there has been lots of persecution in Europe, including the growing development of European nationalism. However, some non religious Jews took advantage of this and saw this as an opportunity to become active in promoting a land for the Jews. Having said that, there are some Evangelical Christian, as well as some fundamentalist Protestants, who are strongly pro Zionist because they view the returning of the Jews to Palestine as a sign of the second-coming of the Christ. However since the Intifada, there has been lots of sympathy from mainstre am western Christians towards Palestinians. Although, eastern Christianity has not been affected so much by the Holocaust there is hardly any sympathy for Zionism. (Religion in History pg 261, J Wolffe). It has been widely acknowledged that Christians have held Jews responsible for the death of Jesus. It is because of this and also centuries of anti Semitism that Hitlers views and hatred was passionately echoed in the Third Reich. However, this inheritance of faith should in fact motivate Christians and Jews not to leave their faith despite the atrocities that took place during the holocaust. Those who survived still have that faith. This is an important point and influences post holocaust movements as the establishment of the state of Israel was seen as a part of a determination to keep the faith and survive. Ultimately, this was an attempt to make the world a place where Jews can still honour god. Furthermore, according to study guide 5, into the after affects of the holocaust, there was growing conflict in Palestine between the Jews and the Arabs. Therefore it was even more important to make sure that all the Jewish people were united so that they could establish the State of Isra el. However, since the Second World War it is very understandable that Jews up until this day and age have had difficulty in viewing Christians and their faith in a positive light. However, attempts to achieve this have been achieved through emphasizing the complexity of what occurred in the Christian community during Nazi Germany and the way that anti Judaism became the foundation for anti Semitism. However, after World War Two there were different types of thinking from Jews on how to rebuild this relationship, and ultimately how they have struggled to come to a positive understanding of Christianity. Coming back post war analysis of the Jewish and Christian relationship, in recent years, there have been considerable changes within the religious dimension of both this groups. It is necessary to separate race from religion as it can have a significant impact on how both groups viewed the holocaust and their reactions to it. In the Good Friday prayer it has been clearly stated that, we see not a gradual evolution but a dramatic change. Furthermore, the Church of England Prayer Books have also clearly stated that, Have mercy upon all Jews, Turks, infidels and heretics. It is because of this that now churches that hold services during Lent, Holy Week and Easter now officially contain a prayer: Let us pray for Gods ancient people, the Jews, the first to hear his word- for greater understanding between Christian and Jew for the removal of our blindness and bitterness of heart that God will grant us grace to be faithful to his covenant and to grow in the love of his name (After the Evil Introduction page 6 , (2003,Harries Richard) This is an important change that has occurred as it shows progress has been made since the holocaust, between the Christian and Jews relationship. The religious members are now actively looking for means to reconcile their relationship in a positive manner. Despite these positive claims there have been negative approaches towards dealing with the great tragedy. The term Holocaust is referred to by Jews as Shoah and it shocked the Christian Churches when Jews asked very open and searching questions about its responsibility of what happened in the Holocaust. In fact Jewish scholars such as Norman Solomon stated that he, objected to Christianitys new relationship to Judaism being built upon a sense of guilt. There are scholars who fully back this view up and also continue to emphasize that after the war Christianitys relationship with Judaism should be built upon the fact that the Jewish religion, Judaism is a significant and living religion and that a relation should be built upon respect for this fact (page 10, After the Evil, 2003, Harries Richard) There are many Jews who have decided to rebuild the relationship, by once again looking at the positive side of Christianity during the war. This side of Judaism looks at the Righteous Gentiles in the holocaust. These were individuals who tried to help Jews and give them honour in a special way. According to historical sources, it is extremely important to do this and very sad there is no emphasis on this in all the memorabilia and in the museums. It is said that humanity needs good role models, and that if we missed this people out people would come away thinking very biased views about Christianity and the Christians during that time. In light of this, there is a whole section in a Museum in Israel that is dedicated to the Righteous Gentiles. This is also significant in helping to rebuild the relationship between Christians and Jews as it shows that at the height of all the tragedy there were good Christians who were willing to risk their own life to help the Jews. (page 10, After the Evil, 2003, Harries Richard) This can offer another basis on which to reconcile broken relationships between Christians and Jews. By looking at the post war relationship between Christians and Jews it is very important to distinguish between Anti Judaism and Anti Semitism. Anti Semitism was only focused upon a hatred for the Jews as a race and this was developed further into modern thinking during the nineteenth century when there was lots of theories about race being published. However, Anti Judaism is quite significantly different because this is a hatred and hostility that is aimed at the religion. It was quoted by Gavin Langmuir, who stated that Geoffrey Alderman had strongly argued that the difference of anti Judaism and Anti Semitism merged together in the twelfth century and the difference became blurred. This occurred exactly at the time when Western Christianity started to become undermined by self doubt. (Geoffrey Alderman, Anti Judaism and Anti-Semitism, Jewish Journal of Sociology. 33/2 (Dec. 1991). Regardless of whether this historical source is true or now, it is important to make a clear distinct ion between what Anti Judaism is and what happened during the Third Reich under Hitlers power. According to the Oxford Companion to Christian Though (OUP, 2000, pg 16) the question to really ask here is how much of the Anti Judaism in the churches past, including, centuries- long teaching of contempt, prepared the ground and dulled peoples hearts and minds, so that anti-Semitism could take hold with so little resistance in the population as a whole and how much of this contributed to the passive resistance by the Christian community as the events of the holocaust unfolded. It is here we can see why anti Semitism and anti Judaism have merged together and why there is difficulty in establishing a positive relationship between Christians and Jews in this day and age. In the present day, there was a very first Holocaust Memorial day in Britain 2001. Before this happened there was great debate amongst society about whether this should focus on just the holocaust or consider other genocides that have occurred in the twentieth centuries. The Jewish community in particular was very unhappy about focusing just on the holocaust and singling them out in such a manner. They wanted to be seen as a part of a bigger problem in the world. Nevertheless it is so important to remind the world about these terrible incidents and the scale at which it happened. It was not simply a loss of lives on a huge scale but an entire population which had a different lifestyle and culture. (Harries Richard 2003, pp21, After the Evil). Grieving for this loss is a huge dimension but the role of the people during the time is even more significant, particularly Christianity and the churches. In fact witnesses recount what occurred during the war. One particular incident that stan ds out in (After the Evil, Harries Richard 2003) is of a Catholic mother appealing for her son, to not do anything for fear of being persecuted. She specifically told him that god would help him not do anything bad. The son stood by and watched many Jews die including children. These accounts show the fear that prevailed during the time, and how religion played a part in how Christians reacted during the Holocaust. Overall throughout the centuries, Jews have experienced much persecution. The Holocaust is one of pain and suffering on a massive scale, and shows how damaging hatred and prejudice can be. There is still ongoing conflict between Christians and Jews, and since the Holocaust it is very different to the conflict that occurred between these two religions. Previously, disagreements have occurred about existing side by side and creating a national and religious identity. Now, the conflict is outside of any of these ideas and now their relationship is largely discussed in reference to the holocaust. These discussions are mainly about the ways in which Christians dealt with Jews, and now is seen as a major moral issue. Any reflections that are made regarding the Christian/Jewish relationship have to be made carefully, keeping in mind that it will always be a moral issue. (Religon in History, pg245, Herbert).

The Giver :: essays research papers

The Giver Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever felt like starting all over again? Many people would like to have the opportunity to make a new beginning. In the book, The Giver, by Lois Lowry, Jonas is making a new beginning by making an end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonas is making an end by leaving the community. He leaves with Gabriel because he wants to experience true things outside the community. He was very hurt in the community because he could not share his feelings. He wanted to be able to share and experience his feelings with other people. He feels the community does many things that are bad or wrong. Jonas doesn’t seem to like what happens to people when they are released. He wants to change many ways people in the community are treated. Jonas makes a great a choice by leaving the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonas opens up many opportunities and choices when he leaves the community. â€Å"Jonas sobbed and shouted and pounded the bed with his fist† (Lois Lowry pg 152). Jonas is obviously angry in the situation he is in and with the choices he is given. He wants to have the privilege to make his own choices which he will be able to do outside the community. He can now find peace since he was able to leave and make his own choices . The choices will give Jonas a chance to find a job and other things that are important to his life. Jonas would finally be able to be happy with himself and what he has. It is good for Jonas to be able to have opportunities and choices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonas is making a beginning outside of the community. â€Å"Soon there were many birds along the way, soaring overhead calling† (Lois Lowry pg 172). Jonas can finally make his own decisions. Jonas could have all the privileges the community took away.

Anthony Comstock †The Father of American Censorship Essay -- Explorat

Anthony Comstock – The Father of American Censorship Anthony Comstock was the most prominent American advocate of censorship in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.   Born in Connecticut in 1844, Comstock fought with the Union in the Civil War and upon release became an influential member of the Young Men’s Christian Association.   His personal quest to rid America of indecent and immoral literature made his name synonymous with the epithet â€Å"Comstockery† or the excessive pursuit of moralistic censorship.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Comstock soon realized that the YMCA was an insufficient front for his rigorous efforts to protect children from the corruptive effects of demoralizing publications.   In 1873 he helped found the Society for the Suppression of Vice, an organization of gentlemen from New York City.   In a November 1882 article in North American Review, Comstock describes the mission of this society, â€Å"the enforcement of the laws for the suppression of the trade in, and circulation of, obscene literature and illustrations, advertisements, and articles of indecent and immoral use.†...

Porter Five Force Analysis of Indian Food Processing Industry

Porter’s five force analysis of food processing industry| MARKETING STRATEGY| HITESH VAVAIYA| Table of Contents Acknowledgement3 Introduction of Report3 Research Objective4 Introduction of Food Processing Industry4 The History of Food Processing Industry4 Supply chain of food processing industry and factor affecting each activity5 Agriculture5 Food processing5 Indian Food Processing Industry7 History of food processing Industry in India7 Current Market Overview9 Indian Food Processing Industry Performance11Food Processing Sector overview11 Major Players of Food Processing Industry14 Indian Food Processing Companies Profiles14 Major Indian player in Food processing Industry Overview15 I. T. C LTD15 GODREJ PROFILE15 MTR Foods Limited Profile16 Parle Limited Profile17 Dabur India Limited Profile17 Analysis18 Porter Five Forces Analysis for Indian Food Processing Analysis18 Threat of Entry (high)19 Rivalry between Established Competitors (low)21 Bargaining Power of Buyers (low)23 Bargaining Power of Suppliers (low)25Threat of Substitutes (high)26 Conclusion27 Bibliography29 Acknowledgement I take the opportunity, while presenting this report and to express my gratitude to all those who afford their valuable help and time to help me to complete the project successfully. A number of people provided us their assistance, encouragement, and enthusiasm. Without them this project would not have been possible. Firstly, I would like to thank our institute IIPM and our honorable prof. partho sir for giving me such an opportunity to work on such a project. got a chance to put all our classroom theories and practices for understanding and analyzing the working of the real Indian scenario. Introduction of Report This report provides an overview of our food production and consumption system, its impacts on the environment and its vulnerability to environmental problems and resource constraints. The aim of the report is to identify any significant challenges to the future security of the food system in India that arise from environmental and resource issues, and the risks, constraints and social or political responses to these.The report also considers a range of response strategies being developed and explored at various points across the food system. The ‘food system’ includes the interdependent parts of the system that provides food for local consumption and for export. It includes all the components and processes by which food is produced (grown and/or processed), stored and distributed, delivered to end-consumers and consumed (including further processing and storage) – as well as all the processes that deal with waste along the ‘food chain’ The report covers an overview of the Indian food processing industry.The report will focus on the dynamics of the industry, the market segments, the growth of the sectors in India and what are the challenges and opportunities that the industry is facing. On the competitive la ndscape, the report lays out the major food processing companies that functions within the Indian industry and the strategies these companies are following to capture the major chunk of the market share. The concluding part of the report covers the drivers of the industry and the future Prospects of the food processing industry in India.Research Objective To analyze the market share of organized Food Processing sector compare to other unorganized Food Processing sector To study the future growth of food processing in india To study the sustainability of Indian food processing industry To study the resources and the constraints of the Indian food processing industry To study the effect of MNC’s in the Indian food processing industry To study the driving forces those are affecting Indian food processing industry Introduction of Food Processing Industry The History of Food Processing IndustryThe origin of food processing goes all the way back to ancient Egypt, yet the period of those developments seems to symbolize the history of the culture of mankind. Nowadays, bread, which is characterized by its use of the fermentation action of yeast and which uses wheat flour as its raw material, is baked all over the world. The origins of beer also go back to Babylon and Egypt in the period from 3,000 to 5,000 BC. The foundation of the modern industry was built up with the introduction of machinery and technology of new methods from Germany.Nowadays, the processed foods that are thriving in grocery shops are modern processed foods and traditional foods, but their manufacturing technology, process control and manufacturing and packaging environmental facilities have been advanced and rationalized to an incomparable extent in the last 30 years. As a result, products with high quality and uniformity are now being manufactured. This is based on the advancement of food science, and is, moreover, due to the general introduction of hygienics, applied microbiology, mechanic al engineering, chemical engineering, electronic engineering and high-polymer technology.The most remarkable developments until now have been convenient pre-cooked frozen foods, retort pouch foods and dried foods. The mass production of excellent quality processed foods without using unnecessary food additives has been made possible in the last 30 years by grading and inspecting the process materials, carrying out proper inspections of processed foods, and advances in processing technology, installation and packaging technology and materials. http://www. bisnetindia. com/bishtml/060012502441. htm Supply chain of food processing industry and factor affecting each activity AgricultureAgriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). The practice of agriculture is also known as â€Å"farming†, while scientists, inventors and others devoted to improving far ming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture. More people in the world are involved in agriculture as their primary economic activity than in any other, yet it only accounts for twelve percent of the world's GDP.Total agricultural trade consists of food and non- food commodities in both raw and processed forms. Classification of agricultural trade is a breakdown of agricultural trade into four components. * bulk commodities, * processed intermediate products, * fresh horticultural products, * Processed consumer goods. Over the years the share of bulk commodities in total agricultural trade has gone down. Decreased demand for bulk commodities has been compensated by the growth in intermediate processed products, which are essentially processed bulk commodities.Processed intermediate products such as vegetable oils, flour etc. The share of fresh horticultural products, i. e. products that are consumed without further processing, in total agricultural trade is nearly constant. Recent improvements in transportation technology have played a role in promoting trade of fresh products. The faster growing categories in agricultural trade are non-bulk packaged processed food products, which are marketed under different brands. Developed countries have played an important role in promoting trade in processed food products.Share of these countries in import of processed food products is more than developing countries, whereas in case of bulk commodities share of developing countries exceeds the import of developed countries. Food processing Food processing is the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. Consumer expenditure on processed food and drink 2001–07 (US$ billion), as shown in below ChartGraph:-1. 1 Consumer expenditure on food Sources: – Food Corp oration of India, web http://fciweb. nic/Consumerexpen/. in Whole Food processing industry in divided mainly six sectors which are as shown in figure 3 and food product cover in these sectors and shown in table 2 Figure: – 1. 3. Major sector in food processing industry Table:-1. 2 Segmenting food product according to Food processing Sector Indian Food Processing Industry History of food processing Industry in IndiaFood processing dates back to the prehistoric ages when crude processing incorporated slaughtering, fermenting, sun drying, preserving with salt, and various types of cooking (such as roasting, smoking, steaming, and oven baking). Salt-preservation was especially common for foods that constituted warrior and sailors' diets, up until the introduction of canning methods. Evidence for the existence of these methods exists in the writings of the ancient Greek , Chaldean, Egyptian and Roman civilisations as well as archaeological evidence from Europe, North and South Ame rica and Asia.These tried and tested processing techniques remained essentially the same until the advent of the industrial revolution. Examples of ready-meals also exist from pre industrial revolution times such as the Cornish pasty and the Haggis. Modern food processing technology in the 19th and 20th century was largely developed to serve military needs. In 1809 Nicolas Appert invented a vacuum bottling technique that would supply food for French troops, and this contributed to the development of tinning and then canning by Peter Durand in 1810.Although initially expensive and somewhat hazardous due to the lead used in cans, canned goods would later become a staple around the world. Pasteurization, discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1862, was a significant advance in ensuring the micro-biological safety of food. In the 20th century, World War II, the space race and the rising consumer society in developed countries (including the United States) contributed to the growth of food proce ssing with such advances as spray drying, juice concentrates, freeze drying and the introduction of artificial sweeteners, coloring agents, and preservatives such as sodium benzoate.In the late 20th century products such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices, and self cooking meals such as MRE food ration were developed. In Western Europe and North America, the second half of the 20th century witnessed a rise in the pursuit of convenience; food processors especially marketed their products to middle-class working wives and mothers. Frozen foods (often credited to Clarence Birdseye) found their success in sales of juice concentrates and â€Å"TV dinners†.Processors utilized the perceived value of time to appeal to the postwar population, and this same appeal contributes to the success of convenience foods today. * Benefits More and more people live in the cities far away from where food is grown and produced. In many families the adults are working away from home and therefore there is little time for the preparation of food based on fresh ingredients. The food industry offers products that fulfill many different needs: From peeled potatoes that only have to be boiled at home to fully prepare ready meals that can be heated up in the microwave oven within a few minutes.Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and distribution tasks, and increasing food consistency. In addition, it increases seasonal availability of many foods, enables transportation of delicate perishable foods across long distances, and makes many kinds of foods safe to eat by de-activating spoilage and pathogenic micro-organisms. Modern supermarkets would not be feasible without modern food processing techniques, long voyages would not be possible, and military campaigns would be significantly more difficult and costly to execute.Modern food processing also improves the quality of life for allergists, diabetics, and other people who cannot consume some common food elements. Food processing can also add extra nutrients such as vitamins. Processed foods are often less susceptible to early spoilage than fresh foods, and are better suited for long distance transportation from the source to the consumer. Fresh materials, such as fresh produce and raw meats, are more likely to harbour pathogenic micro-organisms (e. g. Salmonella) capable of causing serious illnesses. * DrawbacksIn general, fresh food that has not been processed other than by washing and simple kitchen preparation, may be expected to contain a higher proportion of naturally occurring vitamins, fibre and minerals than the equivalent product processed by the food industry. Vitamin C for example is destroyed by heat and therefore canned fruits have a lower content of vitamin C than fresh ones. Food processing can lower the nutritional value of foods. Processed foods tend to include food additives, such as flavorings’ and texture enhancing age nts, which may have little or no nutritive value, or be unhealthy.Some preservatives added or created during processing such as nitrites or sulphites may cause adverse health effects. Processed foods often have a higher ratio of calories to other essential nutrients than unprocessed foods, a phenomenon referred to as â€Å"empty calories†. Most junk foods are processed, and fit this category. High quality and hygiene standards must be maintained to ensure consumer safety and failures to maintain adequate standards can have serious health consequences. Processing food is a very costly process, thus increasing the prices of foods products.Current Market Overview India is a country of striking contrasts and enormous ethnic, linguistic, and cultural diversity. It has a population of 1. 1 billion, and it is comprised of 28 states and seven Union Territories (under federal government rule). The states differ vastly in resources, culture, food habits, living standards, and languages . Vast disparities in per-capita income levels exist between and within India’s states. About 75 percent of the country’s people live in 550,000 villages; the rest in 200 towns and cities. There are 30 cities with a population above one million people.India has the largest number of poor, with 35 percent of the population surviving on less than $1 per day, and 80 percent of the population surviving on less than $2 per day1. Nearly 51 percent of Indians’ consumption expenditures go for food (54 percent in rural area and 42 in urban areas) 2; mostly for basic items like grains, vegetable oils, and sugar; very little goes for value added food items. In recent years, however, there has been an increased shift towards vegetables, eggs, fruits, meat, and beverages. Religion has a major influence on eating habits and, along with low purchasing power, supports a predominantly vegetarian diet.Some observers of India’s economic scene are, however, highly optimistic about consumption growth potential, and believe that rising income levels, increasing urbanization, a changing age profile (more young people), increasing consumerism, a significant rise in the number of single men and women professionals, and the availability of cheap credit will push India onto a new growth trajectory. These segments of the population are aware of quality differences, insist on world standards, and are willing to pay a premium for quality. Nonetheless, a major share of Indian consumers has to sacrifice quality for affordable prices.Potential US exporters should also bear in mind that India’s diverse agro-industrial base already offers many items at competitive prices. Results of the â€Å"Market Information Survey of Households,† conducted by the National Council of Applied Economic Research, show that the share of households in the upper middle/high income group (annual household income > Rs. 90,000, or $11,200 on purchasing power parity basis) has grown from 14% in 1989-90 to 28% in 2001-02, and is projected at 48 percent in 2009-10. Correspondingly, there has been a decline in the low-income group.Sixty-five million people are expected to enter the 20-34 year age group from 2001 to 2010. By 2025, 40 percent of Indians are expected to be urban dwellers. Structural reforms and stabilization programs during the 1990s have contributed to India’s sustained economic growth, which has been relatively strong over the past two decades, averaging 6 percent annually. Since 1996, the Indian government has gradually lifted import-licensing restrictions, which had effectively prohibited imports. On April 1, 2001, all remaining quantitative restrictions were removed, putting India in compliance with its WTO commitment.Nonetheless, the government continues to discourage imports, particularly agricultural products, with the use of high tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Import tariffs on most consumer products, although declining, are still high, ranging from 30. 6 to 52. 2 percent. Some sensitive items, such as alcoholic beverages, poultry meat, raisins, vegetable oils, wheat, rice, etc. , attract much higher duties. Nontariff barriers include unwarranted sanitary and phytosanitary restrictions and onerous labeling requirements for pre-packaged foods.Other factors adversely affecting imports include a poorly developed infrastructure (transportation and cold chain), a predominantly unorganized retail sector, and outdated food laws. However, some positive factors are: †¢ Rising disposable income levels †¢ Increasing urbanization and exposure to Western culture †¢ Growing health consciousness among the middle class †¢ Growing consumerism †¢ Changing age profile †¢ Increasing availability of cheap consumer credit Current status of industry is shown in below table Table1. 4. Status of Food Processing Industry in IndiaSources: All India Food Processors Association http://www. aifpa/foodin dustry/. com India is a major producer of many agricultural commodities and it accounts for nine per cent of the world’s fruit production and about 11 per cent of the vegetable production. But the level of processing and value addition of fruits and vegetables is just two per cent of the total production, compared to 65 per cent in the USA, 23 per cent in China and 78 per cent in the Philippines as given in the figure below. Graph: 1. 2 food processing percentage in different country Sources: – web http://www. fmi. /worldfoodprocessed. org There is huge wastage of perishable agricultural commodities. The position in the country with regard to other products also is not very encouraging. The overall level of processing of agricultural commodities in the country is estimated at six per cent. The annual loss on account of wastage of agricultural commodities is estimated to be about Rs 50,000 crore. At present, the food processing sector employs about 13 million people dir ectly and about 35 million people indirectly. In 2006–07, food processing sector contributed about 14 per cent of manufacturing GDP with a share of Rs 2,80,000 crore.Of this, the unorganised sector accounted for more than 70 per cent of production in terms of volume and 50 per cent in terms of value. Indian Food Processing Industry Performance Market Definition The market for food processing industry is the complex in nature; it is global collective of diverse businesses that together supply much of the food energy consumed by the population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what they grow, can be considered outside of the scope of the modern food processing industry. The food processing industry includes: Regulation: local, regional, national and international rules and regulations for food production and sale, including food quality and food safety, and industry lobbying activities * Research and development: food technology * Financial services insurance, cre dit * Manufacturing: processed packed food, food processing machinery and supplies, food processing construction, etc. * Food processing technology: preparation of fresh products for market, manufacture of prepared food products * Marketing: promotion of generic products (e. g. milk board), new products, public opinion, through advertising, packaging, ublic relations, etc * Wholesale and distribution: warehousing, transportation, logistics * Retail: supermarket chains and independent food stores, direct-to-consumer, restaurant, food services. Food Processing Sector overview Food processing is a large sector that covers activities such as agriculture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries. It also includes other industries that use agriculture inputs for manufacturing of edible products. The Ministry of Food Processing, Government of India has defined the following segments within the Food Processing industry: †¢ Dairy, fruits & vegetable processing Grain proc essing †¢ Meat & poultry processing †¢ Fisheries †¢ Consumer foods including packaged foods, beverages and packaged drinking water. While the industry is large in terms of size, it is still at a nascent stage in terms of development. Out of the country’s total agriculture and food produce, only 2 per cent is processed. The highest share of processed food is in the Dairy sector, where 37 per cent of the total produce is processed, of which 15 per cent is processed by the organized sector. Primary food processing (packaged fruit and vegetables, milk, milled flour and rice, tea, spices, etc. ) constitutes around.Table: 2. 1 India’s food-processing sector India’s food-processing sector, though still developing, contributes 14 percent to the manufacturing GDP (5. 5 percent of aggregate GDP), produces goods worth rs. 2. 8 trillion ($64 billion), and employs 13 million people. Much of India’s food-processing industry is small-scale and involves ve ry little value addition, although in recent years several multinational food-processing companies have started operations in India. A plethora of internal restrictions, including (a) prohibition on foreign direct investment in retail, (b) prohibitions on contract farming, (c) barriers to nterstate commerce based on revenue and food security concerns, (d) some of the highest taxes on processed foods in the world, and (e) inefficient in infrastructure and marketing networks seriously constrain growth of the sector. The almost year-round availability of fresh products across the country, combined with the consumers’ preference for fresh products and freshly cooked foods has dampened demand for processed food products. The level of processing varies across segments – ranging from less than 2 percent of the production in the case of fruits and vegetables to over 90 percent in non-perishable products such as cereals and pulses.In the latter, however, processing involves ver y little value addition, and is mostly confined to grading, cleaning, milling, and packing; with negligible use of additives, preservatives, and flavors. Table: 2. 2 Level of processed food in year 2008 Product| Level of Processing (% of total production)| | OrganizedSector| UnorganizedSector 1/| Total| Fruits & vegetables| 1. 2| 0. 5| 1. 7| Milk | 15. 0| 22. 0| 37. 0| Meat| 21. 0| 0| 21. 0| Poultry| 6. 0| 0| 6. 0| Marine fisheries| 1. 7| 9. 0| 10. 7| Shrimp| 0. 4| 1. 0| 1. 4| Source: Rabobank Analysis Source: – Web http://www. nasftlevelprocessing. org/ Table 2. level of processing Forecasted â€Å"Unorganized† in fruits and vegetables includes unbranded pickles, sauces, and potato chips, but excludes processing by street vendors; â€Å"unorganized† in dairy includes processing by sweet food makers; â€Å"unorganized† in marine products includes processing by small fishermen. . At present, most inputs for the food-processing industry are sourced domestic ally, with the exception of some bulk commodities that are in short supply, such as pulses and vegetable oils, dried fruits and nuts, and small but increasing quantities of food additives and ingredients such as soy proteins, whey, and flavors and essence.India annually imports vegetable oils valued at over $2. 6 billion and pulses valued at $560 million. Imports of food ingredients were valued at $170 million in 2007/08, and include mostly spices and condiments, dairy products, cocoa products, fish and fish products, fruit juices, and other ingredients (yeasts, sauces, soft drink concentrates, flavoring materials, soy protein concentrates and isolates, etc. ). Unorganized, small players account for more than 70 percent of the industry’s output in volume and 50 percent in value terms.Most of them operate locally, add little if any value to products, and use outdated technologies. The government’s policy of reserving the food-processing sector for small-scale units, eff ective until 1991, discouraged large-scale domestic and foreign direct investment in the food-processing sector. However, following economic liberalization in 1991, the food-processing industry was opened, resulting in increased investment in this sector, both domestic and foreign.Over the last few years, several large companies, both Indian and foreign, have invested in the food-processing business in India, resulting in significant growth in this sector. Some of the major players in India’s food-processing industry are listed in this report. There are hundreds of medium-sized regional companies, some of them aspiring to emerge as national players with their own established brands, who pose some competition to large firms . The domestic organized processed-food market is expected to triple in the next 10 years from about $100 billion in FINACIAL YEAR 2004 to $310 billion in FINACIAL YEAR 2015.India aims to increase its share of world trade in this sector from 1. 7% currently ($7. 5 billion) to 3% by 2015 ($20 billion) Graph 2. 1 FMCG Market Size forecasting Sources:-web http://www. foodprocessing/marketsize/. com So here we have estimated that production of processed food is increasing linearly with respect to FMCG Market size till 2015 E ,its shows that very good potential of proceeds food in coming future. Major Players of Food Processing Industry Indian Food Processing Companies ProfilesIndian food processors may be divided into the following main categories: †¢ Large Indian companies that have their production base in India or neighboring countries (for tax-saving purposes) †¢ Multinational and joint-venture companies that have their production base in India †¢ Medium/small domestic food-processing companies with a local presence †¢ Small local players in the unorganized sector Major Indian player in Food processing Industry Overview I. T. C LTD ITC is one of India's foremost private sector companies with a market capitalisation of nearly US $ 19 billion* and a turnover of over US $ 5. 1 Billion.ITC has a diversified presence in Cigarettes, Hotels, Paperboards ; Specialty Papers, Packaging, Agribusiness, Packaged Foods ; Confectionery, Information Technology, Branded Apparel, Personal Care, Stationery, Safety Matches and other FMCG products. ITC's Agri-Business is one of India's largest exporters of agricultural products. ITC is one of the country's biggest foreign exchange earners (US $ 3. 2 billion in the last decade). The Company's ‘e-Choupal' initiative is enabling Indian agriculture significantly enhance its competitiveness by empowering Indian farmers through the power of the Internet.This transformational strategy, which has already become the subject matter of a case study at Harvard Business School, is expected to progressively create for ITC a huge rural distribution infrastructure, significantly enhancing the Company's marketing Reach. ITC's wholly owned Information Technology subsidiary, ITC InfoTech India Limited, is aggressively pursuing emerging opportunities in providing end-to-end IT solutions, including e-enabled services and business process outsourcing.ITC's production facilities and hotels have won numerous national and international awards for quality, productivity, safety and environment management systems. ITC was the first company in India to voluntarily seek a corporate governance rating. ITC employs over 25,000 people at more than 60 locations across India. The Company continuously endeavors to enhance its wealth generating capabilities in a globalizing environment to consistently reward more than 3, 78,000 shareholders, fulfill the aspirations of its stakeholders and meet societal expectations.This over-arching vision of the company is expressively captured in its corporate positioning statement. GODREJ PROFILE Started in 1897 as locks manufacturing company, the Godrej Group is today one of the most accomplished and diversified business houses in Ind ia. Godrej’s success has been driven by the company’s commitment to delivering innovation and excellence. Through the consistent application of this commitment and a century of ethical business conduct, Godrej has earned an unparalleled reputation for trust and reliability.In 1930, Godrej became the first company in the world to develop the technology to manufacture soap with vegetable oils; that spirit of innovation has continued throughout the organization’s history. Today Godrej is delivering consumers exciting innovations across a spectrum of businesses. The company’s pursuit of excellence is equally well established and enduring. In the 1944 Mumbai docks blast, Godrej safes were the only security equipment whose contents were unharmed; an equal level of product quality continues to be expected from every product bearing the Godrej brand name. Godrej management nderstands that the company’s greatest asset is the trust and faith that consumers h ave reposed in it, and recognizes that the company must continue to earn this trust. This translates to the organization delivering outstanding quality and value in everything it does. Godrej’s ethical and visionary practices have allowed the company to successfully expand into a number of businesses. Today Godrej is a leading manufacturer of goods and provider of services in a multitude of categories: home appliances, consumer durables, consumer products, industrial products, and agri products to name a few.A recent estimate suggested that 400 million people across India use at least one Godrej product every day. The group has more recently entered the real estate and information technology sectors, and management views these as avenues for enormous growth. The 6000 Crore – (US $1. 5  Billion)  Godrej Group is one of India's largest professionally run private sector groups. It has a well-established presence in varied businesses ranging from foods and consumer dur ables to real estate and information technology. In 1997, Godrej completed 100 years of service to the nation. Today, the name Godrej is synonymous with Quality ; Trust.It is amongst the most admired Business Groups in India, delivering quality products and services to its customers at competitive costs. All this, with the highest international standards of customer care. MTR Foods Limited Profile MTR Foods Limited is amongst the top five processed food manufacturers in India. We manufacture, market and export a wide range of packaged foods to global markets that include USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, UAE and Oman. Starting with the legendary MTR restaurant in Bangalore, India’s silicon valley, we now offer †complete meal solutions'.Our wide range of products include ready-to-eat curries and rice, ready-to-cook gravies, frozen foods, ice cream, instant snack and dessert mixes, spices and a variety of accompaniments like pickles and papads. Our dee p understanding of culinary expectations and needs has resulted in many new and innovative products. Our investments in infrastructure and technology ensure that we can scale rapidly and bring these to market. Today, consumers across the globe count on us to bring them all-natural, wholesome and delicious food that is also convenient and no-fuss.We have also expanded our retail presence significantly: contemporary ‘Namma MTR' and MTR kiosks now serve delighted consumers across Bangalore and Chennai. Parle Limited Profile Parle Products has been India's largest manufacturer of biscuits and confectionery, for almost 80 years. Makers of the world's largest selling biscuit, Parle-G, and a host of other very popular brands, the Parle name symbolizes quality, nutrition and great taste. With a reach spanning even the remotest villages of India , the company has definitely come a very long way since its inception.Many of the Parle products – biscuits or confectioneries, are mar ket leaders in their category and have won acclaim at the Monde Selection, since 1971. With a 40% share of the total biscuit market and a 15% share of the total confectionary market in India, Parle has grown to become a multi-million dollar company. While to consumers it's a beacon of faith and trust, competitors look upon Parle as an example of marketing brilliance. Dabur India Limited Profile Dabur India Limited has marked its presence with some very significant achievements and today commands a market leadership status.Our story of success is based on dedication to nature, corporate and process hygiene, dynamic leadership and commitment to our partners and stakeholders. The results of our policies and initiatives speak for themselves. * Leading consumer goods company in India with a turnover of Rs. 2233. 72 Crore (FY07) * 2 major strategic business units (SBU) – Consumer Care Division (CCD) and Consumer Health Division (CHD) * 3 Subsidiary Group companies – Dabur Fo ods, Dabur Nepal and Dabur International and 3 step down subsidiaries of Dabur International – Asian Consumer Care in Bangladesh, African Consumer Care in Nigeria and Dabur Egypt. 13 ultra-modern manufacturing units spread around the globe * Products marketed in over 50 countries Wide and deep market penetration with 47 C;F agents, more than 5000 distributors and over 1. 5 million retail outlets all over India. CCD, dealing with FMCG Products relating to Personal Care and Health Care * Leading brands – * Dabur – The Health Care Brand * Vatika-Personal Care Brand * Anmol- Value for Money Brand * Hajmola- Tasty Digestive Brand * and Dabur Amla, Chyawanprash and Lal Dant Manjan with Rs. 00 crore turnover each * Vatika Hair Oil ; Shampoo the high growth brand * Strategic positioning of Honey as food product, leading to market leadership (over 40%) in branded honey market   * Dabur Chyawanprash the largest selling Ayurvedic medicine with over 65% market share. * Le ader in herbal digestives with 90% market share * Hajmola tablets in command with 75% market share of digestive tablets category Dabur Lal Tail tops baby massage oil market with 35% of total share. CHD (Consumer Health Division), dealing with classical Ayurvedic medicines. Has more than 250 products sold through prescriptions as well as over the counter * Major categories in traditional formulations include: – Asav Arishtas – Ras Rasayanas – Churnas – Medicated Oils * Proprietary Ayurvedic medicines developed by Dabur include: – Nature Care Isabgol – Madhuvaani – Trifgol * Division also works for promotion of Ayurveda through organised community of traditional practitioners and developing fresh batches of students Analysis Porter Five Forces Analysis for Indian Food Processing AnalysisThe Porter's 5 Forces tool is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps yo u understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position you're looking to move into. With a clear understanding of where power lies, you can take fair advantage of a situation of strength, improve a situation of weakness, and avoid taking wrong steps. This makes it an important part of your planning toolkit. Conventionally, the tool is used to identify whether new products, services or businesses have the potential to be profitable.However it can be very illuminating when used to understand the balance of power in other situations too. Threat of Entry (high) The threat of new entry is quite high: if anyone looks as if they’re making a sustained profit, new competitors can come into the industry easily, reducing profits Profitable markets that yield high returns will draw firms. The results is many new entrants, which will effectively decrease profitability. Unless the entry of new firms can be blocked by incumbents, the profit rate will fall towards a competitive level (perfect competition). Capital Requirements(low) The capital costs of getting established in an industry can be reduce because of the government subsidies provided to food processing sector. Financial disaster for most participants is that the initial setup costs of new ventures were typically very low. Startup costs are so low that individual, self-financing entrepreneurs can enter. For example, in mineral water pouch business, costs for a company are around Rs 350,000 and reaming Rs 750,000 is subsidies by Government * Economies of Scale(low)In industries that are capital or research or advertising intensive, efficiency requires large-scale operation. The problem for new entrants is that they are faced with the choice of either entering on a small scale and accepting high unit costs, or entering on a large scale and running the risk of underutilized capacity while they build up sales volume. These economies of scale have deterred entry into th e industry so that the only new entrants in recent decades have been state-supported companies the main reason or source to achieve scale economies is new product development costs.Thus, developing and launching a new product is very costly. Segment of the market for food processing Industry is very narrowly define so potential customer are very few that’s why companies are not able to achieve economies of scales. * Absolute Cost Advantages(high) Apart from economies of scale, established firms may have a cost advantage over entrants simply because they entered earlier. Absolute cost advantages often result from the acquisition or alliances of low-cost sources of raw materials. Absolute cost advantages may also result from economies of learning.Amul cost advantage in Pasteurization milk results from its early entry into this market and its ability to move down the learning curve faster than local player and then making alliances with they produce milk but marketed by the bran d name of Amul. So new enter company alliance with well establish large firm can easily enter in the company Product Differentiation (high) In an industry where products are differentiated, established firms possess the advantages of brand recognition and customer loyalty.New entrants to such markets must spend disproportionately heavily on advertising and promotion to gain levels of brand awareness and brand goodwill similar to that of established companies. One study found that, compared to early entrants, late entrants into consumer goods markets incurred additional advertising and promotional costs amounting to 2. 12 percent of sales revenue. Alternatively, the new entrant can accept a niche position in the market or can seek to compete by cutting price.And in food processing industry there are many untapped market are available, so there are good opportunity for niche marketing in food processing industry e. g. sugar free is product that only targeting diabetic person and healt h conscious person only and it having 11% growth rate annually * Access to Channels of Distribution (low) Whereas lack of brand awareness among consumers acts as a barrier to entry to new suppliers of consumer goods, a more immediate barrier for the new company is likely to be gaining distribution.Limited capacity within distribution channels (e. g. , shelf space), risk aversion by retailers, and the fixed costs associated with carrying an additional product result in retailers being reluctant to carry a new manufacturer’s product. The battle for supermarket shelf space between the major food processors (typically involving lump-sum payments to retail chains in order to reserve shelf space) means that new entrants scarcely get a look in. * Governmental and Legal Barriers(high)Some economists (Amitabha Sen) claim that the only effective barriers to entry are those created by government. In taxicabs, banking, telecommunications, and broadcasting, entry usually requires the gran ting of a license by a public authority. From medieval times to the present day, companies and favored individuals have benefited from governments granting them an exclusive right to ply a particular trade or offer a particular service. In knowledge-intensive industries, patents, copyrights, and other legally protected forms of intellectual property are major barriers to entry.Regulatory requirements and environmental and safety standards often put new entrants at a disadvantage to established firms, because compliance costs tend to weigh more heavily on newcomers . e. g. Prevention of Food Adulteration laws is not only stringent one but time consuming also. It is considered as an archaic and no industry friendly food law. It substantial varies from Codex standard. Harmonization of multiple food laws is an urgent necessity. * Retaliation (low) Barriers to entry also depend on the entrants’ expectations as to possible retaliation by established firms.Retaliation against a new entrant may take the form of aggressive price-cutting, increased advertising, sales promotion, or litigation. The major food processing company has a long history of retaliation against low-cost entrants. Parle and other budget food processing have alleged that selective price cuts by MNC and other major food processing like Britannia amounted to predatory pricing designed to prevent its entry into new routes. 8 To avoid retaliation by incumbents, new entrants may seek initial small scale entry into less visible market segments.New entered company market and targeted the small segments partly because this segment had big opportunity and large profit (niche marketing). Rivalry between Established Competitors (low) For most industries, this is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Sometimes rivals compete aggressively and sometimes rivals compete in non-price dimensions such as innovation, marketing, etc. For most industries, the major determinant of the overal l state of competition and the general level of profitability is competition among the firms within the industry.In some industries, firms compete aggressively – sometimes to the extent that prices are pushed below the level of costs and industry-wide losses are incurred. In others, price competition is muted and rivalry focuses on advertising, innovation, and other non price dimensions. Six factors play an important role in determining the nature and intensity of competition between established firms: concentration, the diversity of competitors, product differentiation, excess capacity, exit barriers, and cost conditions. * Concentration(high) Seller concentration refers to the number and size distribution of firms competing within a market.It is most commonly measured by the concentration ratio: the combined market share of the leading producers. Where a market is dominated by a small group of leading companies (an oligopoly), price competition may also be restrained, eithe r by outright collusion, or more commonly through â€Å"parallelism† of pricing decisions. Thus, in markets dominated by two companies, such as soft drinks (Coke and Pepsi), prices tend to be similar and competition focuses on advertising, promotion, and product development. Economists measure rivalry by indicators of   industry concentration.The Concentration Ratio (CR) is one such measure. The Bureau of Census periodically reports the CR for major Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC's). The CR indicates the percent of market share held by the four largest firms (CR's for the largest 8, 25, and 50 firms in an industry also are available). A high concentration ratio indicates that a high concentration of market share is held by the largest firms – the industry is concentrated. With only a few firms holding a large market share, the competitive landscape is less competitive (closer to a monopoly).A low concentration ratio indicates that the industry is characteri zed by many rivals, none of which has a significant market share. These fragmented markets are said to be competitive. The concentration ratio is not the only available measure; the trend is to define industries in terms that convey more information than distribution of market share. In food processing industry concentration ratio is high that indicate high concentration of market share is held by the largest firms like ITC (tobacco), Cadbury (chocolates) etc.As the number of firms supplying a market increases, coordination of prices becomes more difficult, and the likelihood that one firm will initiate price-cutting increases. However, despite the common observation that the elimination of a competitor typically reduces price competition, while the entry of a new competitor typically stimulates it, systematic evidence of the impact of seller concentration on profitability is surprisingly weak. Richard Schmalensee concluded that: â€Å"The relation, if any, between seller concentra tion and profitability is weak statistically and the estimated effect is usually small. * In pursuing an advantage over its rivals, a firm can choose from several competitive moves: * Changing prices – raising or lowering prices to gain a temporary advantage. * Improving product differentiation – improving features, implementing innovations in the manufacturing process and in the product itself. * Creatively using channels of distribution – using vertical integration or using a distribution channel that is novel to the industry. * Exploiting relationships with suppliers – set high quality standards and required suppliers to meet its demands for product specifications and price. Diversity of Competitors (low) The extent to which a group of firms can avoid price competition in favor of collusive pricing practices depends upon how similar they are in terms of origins, objectives, costs, and strategies. In food processing industry it is very low here firm alw ays try to compete rival strategies and there product prices e. g. coke and Pepsi, magi and top Ramon ,Amul ice cream and havmor ice cream etc * Product Differentiation The more similar the offerings among rival firms, the more willing customers are to substitute and the greater the incentive for firms to cut prices to increase sales.Where the products of rival firms are virtually indistinguishable, the product is a commodity and price is the sole basis for competition. Commodity industries such as food processing agriculture, mining, and petrochemicals tend to be plagued by price wars and low profits. By contrast, in industries where products are highly differentiated (perfumes, pharmaceuticals, restaurants, management consulting services), price competition tends to be weak, even though there may be many firms competing. ood processing industry it is very low here firm always try to compete rival strategies and there product prices because they have more or similer offering and th ere product are virtually indistinguishable e. g. coke and Pepsi, magi and top Ramon ,Amul ice cream and havmor ice cream etc * Excess Capacity and Exit Barriers Why does industry profitability tend to fall so drastically during periods of recession? The key is the balance between demand and capacity. Unused capacity encourages firms to offer price cuts to attract new business in order to spread fixed costs over a greater sales volume.Excess capacity may be cyclical (e. g. the boom–bust cycle in the semiconductor industry); it may also be part of a structural problem resulting from overinvestment and declining demand. In these latter situations, the key issue is whether excess capacity will leave the industry. Barriers to exit are costs associated with capacity leaving an industry. Where resources are durable and specialized, and where employees are entitled to job protection, barriers to exit may be substantial. Conversely, rapid demand growth creates capacity shortages that boost margins.On average, companies in growing industries earn higher profits than companies in slow growing or declining industries see figure 3. 4. In food processing industry it will not effect because food demand is always increase or maintain because it is directly related to population growth, and in this industry some exit barrier are working because of Government policies. Bargaining Power of Buyers (low) Also described as the market of outputs. The ability of customers to put the firm under pressure and it also affects the customer's sensitivity to price changes. Customer has enough option to switch so they have less bargaining power. The firms in an industry operate in two types of markets: in the markets for inputs and the markets for outputs. In input markets firms purchase raw materials, components, and financial and labor services. In the markets for outputs firms sell their goods and services to customers (who may be distributors, consumers, or other manufacturers). In both markets the transactions create value for both buyers and sellers.How this value is shared between them in terms of profitability depends on their relative economic power. Let us deal first with output markets. The strength of buying power that firms face from their customers depends on two sets of factors: buyers’ price sensitivity and relative bargaining power. Buyers’ Price Sensitivity (low) The extent to which buyers are sensitive to the prices charged by the firms in an industry depends on four main factors: * The greater the importance of an item as a proportion of total cost, the more sensitive buyers will be about the price they pay.Beverage manufacturers are highly sensitive to the costs of metal cans because this is one of their largest single cost items. Conversely, most companies are not sensitive to the fees charged by their auditors, since auditing costs are such a small proportion of overall company expenses. * The less differentiated the product s of the supplying industry, the more willing the buyer is to switch suppliers on the basis of price. * The more intense the competition among buyers, the greater their eagerness for price reductions from their sellers.As competition in the world food processing industry has intensified, so component suppliers are subject to greater pressures for lower prices, higher quality, and faster delivery. * The greater the importance of the industry’s product to the quality of the buyer’s product or service, the less sensitive are buyers to the prices they are charged. The buying power of necessary processed food product like suger salt etc. is limited by the critical importance of these components to the functionality of their product. Relative Bargaining Power (high)Bargaining power rests, ultimately, on refusal to deal with the other party. The balance of power between the two parties to a transaction depends on the credibility and effectiveness with which each makes this th reat. The key issue is the relative cost that each party sustains as a result of the transaction not being consummated. A second issue is each party’s expertise in leveraging its position through gamesmanship. Several factors influence the bargaining power of buyers relative to that of sellers: * Size and concentration of buyers relative to suppliers.The smaller the number of buyers and the bigger their purchases, the greater the cost of losing one. * Buyers’ information. The better informed buyers are about suppliers and their prices and costs, the better they are able to bargain.. Keeping customers ignorant of relative prices is an effective constraint on their buying power. But knowing prices is of little value if the quality of the product is unknown. It always works in food processing industry because people are not having full information about the product like k special of Kellogg which reduces the cholesterol of the consumer. Ability to integrate vertically. In refusing to deal with the other party, the alternative to finding another supplier or buyer is to do it yourself. Large food processing companies such as Heinz and Campbell Soup have reduced their dependence on the manufacturers of metal cans by manufacturing their own. The leading retail chains have increasingly displaced their suppliers’ brands with their own-brand products. Backward integration need not necessarily occur – a credible threat may suffice. Buyers are Powerful in food processing industryBuyers are concentrated – there are a few buyers with significant market share Buyers purchase a significant proportion of output – distribution of purchases or if the product is standardized Buyers possess a credible backward integration threat – can threaten to buy producing firm or rival Buyers are Weak in food processing industry Producers threaten forward integration – producer can take over own distribution/retailing Significant buyer s witching costs – products not standardized and buyer cannot easily switch to another product.Buyers are fragmented (many, different) – no buyer has any particular influence on product or price Producers supply critical portions of buyers' input – distribution of purchases Bargaining Power of Suppliers (low) Also described as market of inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm. Suppliers may refuse to work with the firm, or e. g. charge excessively high prices for unique resources.Analysis of the determinants of relative power between the producers in an industry and their suppliers is precisely analogous to analysis of the relationship between producers and their buyers. The only difference is that it is now the firms in the industry that are the buyers and the producers of inputs that are the suppliers. The key issues are the ease with which the firms in the industry can s witch between different input suppliers and the relative bargaining power of each party. Because raw materials, emi-finished products, and components are often commodities supplied by small companies to large manufacturing companies, their suppliers usually lack bargaining power. Suppliers are not Powerful because in food processing industry Credible forward integration threat by suppliers Suppliers concentrated Significant cost to switch suppliers Customers Powerful Suppliers are Weak because in food processing industry Many competitive suppliers – product is standardized Purchase commodity products Credible backward integration threat by purchasers Concentrated purchasers Customers WeakThreat of Substitutes (high) In Porter's model, substitute products refer to products in other industries. To the economist, a threat of substitutes exists when a product's demand is affected by the price change of a substitute product. A product's price elasticity is affected by substitute p roducts – as more substitutes become available, the demand becomes more elastic since customers have more alternatives. A close substitute product constrains the ability of firms in an industry to raise prices. The competition engendered by a Threat of Substitute comes from products outside the industry.The price of aluminum beverage cans is constrained by the price of glass bottles, steel cans, and plastic containers. These containers are substitutes, yet they are not rivals in the aluminum can industry. The existence of close substitute products increases the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives in response to price increases (high elasticity of demand). * buyer propensity to substitute (high) * relative price performance of substitutes(high) * buyer switching costs (low) Pressure from Substitutes Emerges Mainly From Two Factors 1. Switching costs for customers to the substitute. . Buyer willingness to search out for substitutes. Also the threat of substitution may take four different forms, each of which we shall now discuss with reference to above factors. Substitution of need We take switching from one product (e. g. natural drink of Dabur) to another (fresh juice from local vendor or prepared at home). In this case, the buyers might be looking out for freshness and might not mind the nominal switching costs Food processing Industry will definitely remain, in one form or the other, as long as the manufacturers manufacture and consumers consume.Food processing industry does not seem to become extinct even in the future. The issue that remains to be addressed is just – what forms it keeps evolving into. Here the Substitutes of food processing industry are fresh fruits and vegetables and food as a raw material , but they are yet very well developed in India, so their threat are comparatively very high but food processing industry break the boundaries of food product availability in certain season and area that is why food industry will sustain for longer term.While the treat of substitutes typically impacts an industry through price competition, there can be other concerns in assessing the threat of substitutes. * Strategic Implications of the Five Competitive Forces Competitive environment is unattractive from the standpoint of earning good profits when * Rivalry is vigorous * Entry barriers are low and entry is likely * Competition from substitutes is strong * Suppliers and customers have considerable bargaining power Competitive environment is ideal from a profit-making standpoint when * Rivalry is moderate Entry barriers are high and no firm is likely to enter * Good substitutes do not exist * Suppliers and customers are in a weak bargaining position. But food processing industry is little bit attractive but not ideal, it gives considerable profit Because of the following point * Rivalry is moderate * Entry barriers are low and firm is likely to enter * Good have some substitutes but up to certain extant * Suppliers and customers are in a weak bargaining position Conclusion Growing Indian economy and improving lifestyles of Indians contributing in a big way to the growth.The Indian snacks market is worth around US$ 3 billion, with the organised segment taking half the market share, and has an annual growth rate of 15-20 per cent. The unorganised snacks market is worth US$ 1. 56 billion, with a growth rate of 7-8 per cent per year. There are approximately 1,000 types of snacks and another 300 types of savories being sold in the Indian market today. There is a big market for snacks in India as urban Indian consumers eat ready-made snacks 10 times more than their rural counterparts. Consumers are willing to pay a premium for both value-added private and branded products, creating immense opportunities for manufacturers and retailers. The growth of food processing sector has nearly doubled to 13. 7 per cent during the last four years. A dominant segment of the food industry, food proces sing is estimated to be worth US$ 70 billion with a 32 per cent share. It comprises agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandries, and plantation. The opportunity for growth is huge when seen against the fact that while a mere 1. per cent of food is processed in India, nearly 80 per cent of food is processed in the developed world. Significantly, processed food exports have increased from US$ 6. 98 billion in 2003-04 to US$ 20. 51 billion in 2007-08, recording a whopping 193. 83 per cent growth rate. It realise India's potential in this industry, investment target of US$ 25. 07 billion by 2015 to double India's share in global food trade from 1. 6 per cent to 3 per cent, increase processing of perishable food from 6 per cent to 20 per cent and value addition from 20 per cent to 35 per cent.At last India is all set to become the food supplier of the world. It has the cultivable land, all the seasons for production of all varieties of fruits and vegetables, well developed agribusiness system that works in its own way. There are some Factors such as rapid growth in the economy, the technological innovations, rise of families with dual incomes and the changing food habits of the population all point to the increasing need for healthy processed food. The supply chain sector is very weak with no process owner and this can spell disaster.The food supply chain needs the attention, the industry and the Government. * Reasons to Invest in Indian Food Processing Industry It is the seventh largest country, with extensive administrative structure and independent judiciary, a sound financial & infrastructural network and above all a stable and thriving democracy. Due to its diverse agro-climatic conditions, it has a wide-ranging and large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. Presently a very small percentage of these are processed into value added products.It is one of the biggest emerging markets, with over 900 million population and a 250 million stro ng middle class. * Rapid urbanization, increased literacy and rising per capita income, have all caused rapid growth and changes in demand patterns, leading to tremendous new opportunities for exploiting the large latent market. An average Indian spends about 50% of household expenditure on food items. Demand for processed/convenience food is constantly on the rise. India's comparatively cheaper workforce can be effectively utilized to setup large low cost production bases for domestic and export markets.Liberalized overall policy regime, with specific incentives for high priority food processing sector, provides a very conducive environment for investments and exports in the sector. Very good investment opportunities exist in many areas of food processing industries, the important ones being : fruit ; vegetable processing, meat, f Read also: My Ambition Is To Become a Collector